{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2415804693","doi":null,"title":"How drugs decrease fracture risk: lessons from trials.","display_name":"How drugs decrease fracture risk: lessons from trials.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2415804693","mag":"2415804693","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15758432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15758432","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15758432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111559066","display_name":"Cummings","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S R Cummings","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. scummings@psg.ucsf.edu","University of California, San Francisco, California 94105, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. scummings@psg.ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Francisco, California 94105, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111559066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44244761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"198","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11221","display_name":"Bone health and treatments","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10694","display_name":"Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoporosis","display_name":"osteoporosis","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-risk","display_name":"fracture risk","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiresorptive-agents","display_name":"antiresorptive agents","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-mineral-density","display_name":"bone mineral density","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebral-fractures","display_name":"vertebral fractures","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alendronate","display_name":"alendronate","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raloxifene","display_name":"raloxifene","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bisphosphonates","display_name":"bisphosphonates","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parathyroid-hormone","display_name":"parathyroid hormone","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estrogen","display_name":"estrogen","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trabecular-bone","display_name":"trabecular bone","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section-modulus","display_name":"section modulus","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femoral-neck-strength","display_name":"femoral neck strength","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-remodeling","display_name":"bone remodeling","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microdamage","display_name":"microdamage","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8581910133361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776541429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328","display_name":"Osteoporosis","level":2,"score":0.738294243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779889926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425223","display_name":"Raloxifene","level":5,"score":0.7349500060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775854910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4844892","display_name":"Femoral neck","level":3,"score":0.6995339393615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776886416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4941567","display_name":"Bone mineral","level":3,"score":0.5806077122688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5233442187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170033053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952019","display_name":"Bone remodeling","level":2,"score":0.5197710394859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779329777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304401","display_name":"Bone density","level":3,"score":0.45434826612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3892424702644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126894567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650","display_name":"Urology","level":1,"score":0.3824740946292877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3386085629463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84606932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416496","display_name":"Estrogen receptor","level":4,"score":0.1610967218875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.10940665006637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.07444435358047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15758432","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15758432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2415804693","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15758432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992931986","https://openalex.org/W2005298224","https://openalex.org/W2112629831","https://openalex.org/W2124527463","https://openalex.org/W2335178464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110828193","https://openalex.org/W2162255898","https://openalex.org/W1571191858","https://openalex.org/W7113291261","https://openalex.org/W2047039043","https://openalex.org/W4229668454","https://openalex.org/W2418296712","https://openalex.org/W1987169166","https://openalex.org/W2969681553","https://openalex.org/W2065916720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"women":[1],"with":[2,87,229],"osteoporosis,":[3],"each":[4],"1%":[5],"improvement":[6,61,264],"in":[7,34,62,83,90,102,114,134,212,233,247,265,282],"spine":[8,35,50,63,91,135,253,266],"BMD":[9,36,84,98,143,274],"(by":[10],"DXA)":[11],"is":[12,67,203,259],"expected":[13,130],"to":[14,31,43,80,96,106,108,193],"reduce":[15,37],"vertebral":[16,38],"fracture":[17,39,51,92,103,136,201,254,283],"risk":[18,40,52,104,202,255],"by":[19,41,54,60,190,263,276],"about":[20,243],"4%.":[21],"However,":[22],"randomized":[23],"trials":[24],"of":[25,47,76,117,126,142,153,178,185,197,222],"antiresorptive":[26],"agents":[27],"show":[28],"that":[29,182,219,270],"1":[30,79],"6%":[32],"improvements":[33,82],"35":[42],"50%.":[44],"Less":[45],"20%":[46],"the":[48,71,100,112,127,147,167,172,272],"decreased":[49],"produced":[53,275],"alendronate":[55],"or":[56,74],"raloxifene":[57],"be":[58,208],"explained":[59,262],"BMD.":[64,158,214,250,267],"The":[65,159,175,195],"discrepancy":[66,128],"even":[68],"greater":[69],"during":[70],"first":[72],"year":[73,246],"two":[75],"treatment":[77],"when":[78],"4%":[81],"are":[85],"associated":[86],"65-68%":[88],"decreases":[89],"risk.":[93,137,284],"Bisphosphonates":[94],"continue":[95],"increase":[97,224,232],"but":[99,170],"reduction":[101],"wanes":[105],"20":[107],"45%.":[109],"DXA":[110,213],"underestimates":[111],"change":[113],"bone":[115,120,163,189],"density":[116],"spinal":[118],"trabecular":[119],"and":[121,131,150,206,236,256],"this":[122,257],"might":[123],"explain":[124,146,166],"part":[125],"between":[129],"observed":[132],"reductions":[133,281],"Even":[138],"more":[139,204,260],"accurate":[140],"measurement":[141],"would":[144],"not":[145,171],"rapid":[148],"onset":[149,169],"later":[151],"waning":[152,173,176],"effect":[154,196,258],"despite":[155,241],"gradually":[156],"increasing":[157],"biomechanical":[160],"effects":[161],"inhibiting":[162],"resorption":[164],"could":[165],"early":[168],"effectiveness.":[174],"effectiveness":[177],"antiresorptives":[179],"raises":[180],"concerns":[181],"prolonged":[183],"inhibition":[184],"remodeling":[186],"may":[187,278],"weaken":[188],"allowing":[191],"microdamage":[192],"accumulate.":[194],"drugs":[198],"on":[199],"nonspine":[200],"complex":[205],"cannot":[207],"predicted":[209,237],"from":[210],"changes":[211],"For":[215],"example,":[216],"Beck":[217],"showed":[218],"long-term":[220,280],"users":[221],"estrogen":[223],"section":[225,234],"modulus":[226,235],"vs.":[227],"nonusers":[228],"a":[230],"net":[231],"femoral":[238,248],"neck":[239,249],"strength":[240],"losing":[242],"0.4%":[244],"per":[245],"PTH":[251,277],"reduces":[252],"completely":[261],"This":[268],"suggests":[269],"sustaining":[271],"increased":[273],"maintain":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-09T07:26:56.047234","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}