{"id":"https://openalex.org/W241500980","doi":null,"title":"Motherhood and Pacifism in Japan 1900-1937","display_name":"Motherhood and Pacifism in Japan 1900-1937","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W241500980","mag":"241500980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:241500980","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-915333161/motherhood-and-pacifism-in-japan-1900-1937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185099412","display_name":"Hecate","issn_l":"0311-4198","issn":["0311-4198"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hecate","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012271192","display_name":"Vera Mackie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6522"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vera Mackie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6522","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012271192"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06067696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"29","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11198","display_name":"Japanese History and Culture","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11198","display_name":"Japanese History and Culture","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14238","display_name":"Historical Gender and Feminism Studies","score":0.0843999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pacifism","display_name":"pacifism","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternalism","display_name":"maternalism","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/militarism","display_name":"militarism","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-feminism","display_name":"Japanese feminism","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meiji-period","display_name":"Meiji period","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-and-state","display_name":"family and state","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patriarchy","display_name":"patriarchy","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-mobilization","display_name":"women's mobilization","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meiji-civil-code","display_name":"Meiji Civil Code","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confucian-loyalty","display_name":"Confucian loyalty","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-identity","display_name":"female identity","score":0.5199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117731710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177266","display_name":"Militarism","level":3,"score":0.8070007562637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.5979022979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5305165648460388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.4528312683105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.44935888051986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.43305426836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778868352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866081","display_name":"Femininity","level":2,"score":0.4183706045150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34065717458724976}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:241500980","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-915333161/motherhood-and-pacifism-in-japan-1900-1937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185099412","display_name":"Hecate","issn_l":"0311-4198","issn":["0311-4198"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hecate","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272514873","https://openalex.org/W2105543221","https://openalex.org/W2041756595","https://openalex.org/W1969171119","https://openalex.org/W906389605","https://openalex.org/W4411792909","https://openalex.org/W646181044","https://openalex.org/W4404592180","https://openalex.org/W619009370","https://openalex.org/W4233132972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,213],"the":[1,9,53,63,79,90,112,121,132,162,177,203,208,214,218,222,225,233,244,248,276,280,285,289,329,333,347,360,376,385,394,401,427,495,502,507,523,531,548,552,571,579],"late":[2],"nineteenth":[3],"century,":[4],"Japan":[5],"created":[6],"all":[7,230,462,628],"of":[8,11,45,52,65,92,106,123,164,179,210,224,229,232,251,279,288,332,344,403,464,494,506,522,581,605,629],"machinery":[10],"a":[36],"modern":[13],"nation-state":[14],"--":[15,320,346,620],"Constitution,":[17],"legal":[19],"code,":[20],"capitalist":[21],"industry,":[22],"and":[23,26,39,85,125,137,141,154,170,188,246,307,326,357,448,509,545,550,583],"an":[24,237,297,415,498],"army":[25],"navy.":[27],"The":[28,457],"slogan":[29,460],"guiding":[30],"this":[31,46,74,264,477,591,597,618],"programme":[32],"was":[33,49,56,76,96,114,313,339,411,419,431,438,497,515],"fukoku":[34],"kyohei,":[35],"wealthy":[37],"country":[38],"strong":[41],"army.":[42],"As":[43],"part":[44],"process,":[47],"there":[48,430],"extensive":[50],"discussion":[51,463],"family,":[54],"which":[55,184,486,556],"to":[57,69,73,111,120,130,144,151,160,196,202,221,267,304,350,359,366,407,426,454,467,475,480,487,501,575,585,626,632],"form":[58],"crucial":[60,398],"link":[61,399],"in":[62,78,89,148,243,247,296,375,384,389,400,485,517,555,603,608,617],"chain":[64,402],"loyalty":[66,345,358,404,425],"from":[67,217,405],"subject":[68,406],"emperor.":[70],"Women's":[71],"contribution":[72,110,201,466],"family":[75,245,281,386,395,410,423,496,524,532],"encapsulated":[77],"phrase":[80],"ryosai":[81,211,458],"kenbo,":[82],"good":[83],"wives":[84],"wise":[86],"mothers.":[87],"Implicit":[88],"conjunction":[91,122],"these":[93,155,252],"two":[94],"slogans":[95],"process":[98],"whereby":[99],"women":[100,443,450,472,537,566,596,623],"were":[101,372,559,574,584],"constructed":[102],"as":[103,538],"passive":[104],"supporters":[105],"militarism,":[107,126],"whose":[108],"major":[109],"state":[113,205,312,338],"through":[115],"their":[116,149,200,268,606,630],"maternal":[117,146],"function.In":[118],"opposition":[119],"maternalism":[124,189],"many":[127,594],"feminists":[128],"tried":[129],"show":[131],"`natural'":[133],"links":[134],"between":[135,240],"feminism":[136,166],"pacifism.":[138],"Both":[139],"pro-":[140],"anti-militarists":[142],"referred":[143],"women's":[145,465],"function":[147],"attempts":[150],"mobilise":[152],"women,":[153,173,199],"discussions":[156],"may":[157],"be":[158,576],"used":[159],"examine":[161],"limitations":[163],"based":[167,314,340],"on":[168,315,341],"essentialism":[169],"maternalism.":[171],"Some":[172],"however,":[174,564,612],"saw":[175],"that":[176,471],"creation":[178],"new":[181,204,483],"feminine":[182],"identity":[183],"went":[185],"beyond":[186],"passivity":[187],"could":[190,542],"provide":[191],"more":[193],"effective":[194],"challenge":[195,476,500],"militarism.For":[197],"most":[198],"revolved":[206],"around":[207],"concept":[209],"kenbo.":[212],"thirty":[215],"years":[216],"Meiji(1)":[219],"Restoration":[220],"promulgation":[223],"Civil":[226,378],"Code,":[227],"thinkers":[228,253],"shades":[231],"political":[234,269,446,539],"spectrum":[235],"made":[236],"explicit":[238],"connection":[239],"power":[241,256,278,287,299,382],"relations":[242,505],"state.":[249],"All":[250],"linked":[254],"patriarchal":[255,277],"with":[257,284],"monarchical":[258],"power,":[259],"but":[260,393],"praised":[261],"or":[262],"criticised":[263],"relationship":[265],"according":[266],"orientation.":[270],"Liberal":[271],"theorist":[272],"Ueki":[273],"Emori":[274],"identified":[275],"head":[282],"(koshu)":[283],"autocratic":[286,298,416],"monarch":[290],"(kunshu).":[291],"Those":[292],"who":[293,418,473,541],"grew":[294],"up":[295],"structure,":[300],"he":[301],"argued,":[302],"failed":[303],"develop":[305],"independence":[306],"autonomy.":[308],"Ueki's":[309],"ideal":[310,337],"democratic":[311],"individuals":[316],"rather":[317],"than":[318],"families":[319],"each":[321,422],"individual":[322,455],"would":[323],"act":[324],"autonomously":[325],"responsibly.":[327],"At":[328],"other":[330],"end":[331],"spectrum,":[334],"Hozumi":[335,370],"Yatsuka's":[336],"Confucian":[342,363],"concepts":[343],"wife's":[348],"obedience":[349],"her":[351,520],"husband,":[352],"filial":[353],"piety":[354],"(oya":[355],"koko),":[356],"Emperor":[361],"(chukun).(2)":[362],"ideals":[364],"similar":[365],"those":[367,388],"espoused":[368],"by":[369,414],"Yatsuka":[371],"eventually":[373],"adopted":[374],"Meiji":[377,468,595],"Code.Not":[379],"only":[380,527,621],"did":[381,528],"relationships":[383],"reflect":[387],"society":[390],"at":[391],"large,":[392],"became":[396],"Emperor.":[408,428],"Each":[409],"ruled":[412],"over":[413],"father":[417],"responsible":[420,577],"for":[421,519,578,590],"member's":[424],"Although":[429],"limited":[432],"male":[433,436],"suffrage":[434,437],"(universal":[435],"not":[439],"achieved":[440],"until":[441],"1925),":[442],"had":[444,451,479,624],"no":[445,452],"rights,":[447],"married":[449],"right":[453],"property.":[456],"kenbo":[459,561],"shaped":[461],"society,":[469],"so":[470],"wished":[474],"ideology":[478,562,619],"create":[481],"vocabulary":[484],"frame":[488],"such":[489],"challenge.":[491],"Any":[492],"criticism":[493,521],"implicit":[499],"basic":[503],"authority":[504],"state,":[508],"Popular":[510],"Rights":[511],"campaigner":[512],"Kishida":[513,529],"Toshiko":[514],"arrested":[516],"1884":[518],"system.":[525],"Not":[526],"criticise":[530],"system,":[533],"she":[534],"also":[535],"described":[536],"actors":[540],"have":[543],"rights":[544],"responsibilities":[546],"outside":[547,551],"home,":[549],"protective":[553],"boxes":[554],"genteel":[557],"daughters":[558],"raised.(3)Ryosai":[560],"did,":[563],"give":[565],"positive":[568],"role":[569,607],"within":[570],"family.":[572],"They":[573],"welfare":[580],"children,":[582],"receive":[586],"suitable":[588],"education":[589],"purpose.(4)":[592],"For":[593],"seemed":[598],"like":[599],"dramatic":[601],"improvement":[602],"perceptions":[604],"society.":[609],"There":[610],"was,":[611],"clear":[614],"class":[615],"bias":[616],"middle-class":[622],"time":[625],"devote":[627],"energies":[631],"childcare.":[633],"\u2026":[634]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}