{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2414565701","doi":null,"title":"The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia.","display_name":"The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2414565701","mag":"2414565701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:12139367","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of clinical practice. Supplement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F Inglis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F Inglis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Memory Clinic, Clydebank, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Memory Clinic, Clydebank, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":182,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95701857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"127","first_page":"45","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12023","display_name":"Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12023","display_name":"Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10496","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholinesterase-inhibitors","display_name":"cholinesterase inhibitors","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"dementia","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rivastigmine","display_name":"rivastigmine","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donepezil","display_name":"donepezil","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galantamine","display_name":"galantamine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-escalation","display_name":"dose escalation","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-side-effects","display_name":"gastrointestinal adverse effects","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-adverse-effects","display_name":"central nervous system adverse effects","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapyramidal-symptoms","display_name":"extrapyramidal symptoms","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-disturbance","display_name":"sleep disorders","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiorespiratory-events","display_name":"cardiorespiratory events","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-incontinence","display_name":"urinary incontinence","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-interactions","display_name":"drug interactions","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tolerability","display_name":"tolerability","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety","display_name":"safety","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776332859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411887","display_name":"Rivastigmine","level":5,"score":0.8573380708694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412690","display_name":"Galantamine","level":5,"score":0.8051252961158752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780904820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415081","display_name":"Donepezil","level":4,"score":0.7765642404556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31896038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415635","display_name":"Cholinesterase","level":2,"score":0.7123286724090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22885893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4862743","display_name":"Cholinergic","level":2,"score":0.6427443623542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.635278582572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6159597039222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778816929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22676679","display_name":"Acetylcholinesterase","level":3,"score":0.5966638326644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778375690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7814214","display_name":"Tolerability","level":3,"score":0.5953372716903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779101902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22679015","display_name":"Butyrylcholinesterase","level":5,"score":0.5365521907806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.4050903916358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.38927239179611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.30925875902175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.2963232398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.15262380242347717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779059548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383701","display_name":"Ach\u00e9","level":4,"score":0.13879886269569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.09819120168685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068836","descriptor_name":"Rivastigmine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077265","descriptor_name":"Donepezil","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002219","descriptor_name":"Carbamates","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002800","descriptor_name":"Cholinesterase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002800","descriptor_name":"Cholinesterase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003704","descriptor_name":"Dementia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005702","descriptor_name":"Galantamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007189","descriptor_name":"Indans","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010880","descriptor_name":"Piperidines","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018697","descriptor_name":"Nootropic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018697","descriptor_name":"Nootropic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D048448","descriptor_name":"Phenylcarbamates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:12139367","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of clinical practice. Supplement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2414565701","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W170237590","https://openalex.org/W2289152501","https://openalex.org/W2772086940","https://openalex.org/W2146474928","https://openalex.org/W4281629522","https://openalex.org/W7099769174","https://openalex.org/W2026566053","https://openalex.org/W65335468","https://openalex.org/W2156561805","https://openalex.org/W2045562525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cholinesterase":[0],"inhibitors":[1,100],"(ChEIs)":[2],"are":[3,36,67,74,176,186,193,214,226,261,345,371,382],"dosed":[4,367],"in":[5,50,150,229,249,254,282,303,325,360,409],"two":[6],"phases":[7],"for":[8,32,264,398],"the":[9,27,54,57,78,90,98,151,180,217,242,250,348,414],"treatment":[10,411],"of":[11,41,47,53,70,81,183,245,280,300,323,331,390,416],"dementia,":[12],"an":[13,209],"initial":[14],"dose-escalation":[15,79],"phase":[16,25,80,182],"to":[17,106,207,216,231,284,309,355,424],"achieve":[18],"a":[19,23,39,45,306,320,328],"therapeutic":[20,28],"dose":[21,29,118,122],"and":[22,56,65,73,102,124,143,156,159,162,166,198,224,253,259,268,275,286,314,335,352,374,377,379,387],"maintenance":[24,181,410],"where":[26],"is":[30,234,288],"given":[31],"long-term":[33],"therapy.":[34,82,184],"ChEIs":[35,133,370],"associated":[37,87,131,146,169],"with":[38,89,97,120,126,132,147,170,190,196,311,319,341,358,362,368],"range":[40],"side":[42,129],"effects":[43,69,130],"as":[44],"result":[46],"cholinergic":[48,148,172,271,278],"stimulation":[49],"different":[51],"areas":[52],"brain":[55,295],"periphery":[58],"Acute,":[59],"centrally-mediated":[60],"gastrointestinal":[61],"events":[62,84,112,165],"(mostly":[63],"nausea":[64],"vomiting)":[66],"class":[68],"all":[71],"ChEIs,":[72],"reported":[75,178,189,195],"mostly":[76,177],"during":[77,179],"These":[83,174,212],"have":[85,202,269,338,404],"been":[86,203],"more":[88,187,235,290],"dual":[91],"acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase":[92],"(AChE/BuChE)":[93],"inhibitor":[94],"rivastigmine":[95,225,239,301],"than":[96],"AChE-selective":[99],"donepezil":[101,223,258,285,417],"galantamine,":[103,232,287],"probably":[104],"due":[105,215],"rivastigmine's":[107],"higher":[108],"potency.":[109],"However,":[110],"these":[111,391],"can":[113],"be":[114,317,356],"minimised":[115],"using":[116],"slow":[117],"escalation":[119],"small":[121],"graduations":[123],"administration":[125],"food.":[127],"Other":[128],"include":[134],"central":[135],"nervous":[136],"system":[137,351],"events,":[138,145],"extrapyramidal":[139],"symptoms,":[140],"sleep":[141],"disturbances":[142],"cardiorespiratory":[144,164],"activity":[149,272,279],"cortex,":[152,251],"caudate":[153],"nucleus,":[154],"brainstem":[155],"medulla,":[157],"respectively,":[158],"muscle":[160],"cramps":[161],"weakness,":[163],"urinary":[167],"incontinence,":[168],"peripheral":[171],"activity.":[173],"symptoms":[175],"They":[185],"frequently":[188],"donepezil,":[191],"but":[192],"rarely":[194],"rivastigmine,":[197,281],"galantamine":[199,260,336,419],"may":[200,316,337,420],"not":[201,262],"marketed":[204],"long":[205],"enough":[206],"make":[208,393],"adequate":[210],"assessment.":[211],"differences":[213],"drugs'":[218],"respective":[219],"pharmacology.":[220],"For":[221],"example,":[222],"active":[227,236],"centrally,":[228],"contrast":[230,283],"which":[233],"peripherally.":[237],"Furthermore,":[238],"preferentially":[240],"inhibits":[241],"G1":[243],"isoform":[244],"cholinesterase,":[246],"predominantly":[247],"located":[248],"hippocampus":[252],"neuritic":[255],"plaques,":[256],"while":[257],"selective":[263],"any":[265],"cholinesterase":[266],"isoforms":[267],"wide":[270,329],"both":[273],"centrally":[274],"peripherally":[276],"The":[277,297,384],"apparently":[289],"targeted":[291],"at":[292],"clinically":[293],"relevant":[294],"sites.":[296],"pharmacological":[298],"profile":[299],"results":[302],"it":[304,315],"having":[305,327],"low":[307],"potential":[308],"interact":[310],"other":[312,342],"drugs":[313,343],"used":[318,357],"high":[321],"margin":[322],"safety":[324,388,407],"patients":[326,361,402],"variety":[330],"concomitant":[332,364],"diseases.":[333],"Donepezil":[334],"significant":[339],"interactions":[340],"that":[344,412],"metabolised":[346],"by":[347],"hepatic":[349],"cytochrome":[350],"therefore":[353],"need":[354],"caution":[359],"many":[363],"illnesses.":[365],"When":[366],"care,":[369],"well":[372],"tolerated":[373],"patient":[375,378],"compliance":[376],"caregiver":[380],"acceptability":[381],"good.":[383],"favourable":[385],"tolerability":[386,405],"profiles":[389],"agents":[392],"them":[394],"suitable":[395],"first-line":[396],"therapy":[397],"dementia.":[399],"In":[400],"addition,":[401],"who":[403],"and/or":[406],"problems":[408],"limit":[413],"use":[415],"or":[418],"benefit":[421],"from":[422],"switching":[423],"rivastigmine.":[425]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}