{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2410218113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","title":"What Is a Survey?","display_name":"What Is a Survey?","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2410218113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","mag":"2410218113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2683989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4179095","display_name":"The American Statistician","issn_l":"0003-1305","issn":["0003-1305","1537-2731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Statistician","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034938213","display_name":"Cathy Campbell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathy Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047888598","display_name":"Brian L. Joiner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian L. Joiner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085611433","display_name":"Robert C. Ferber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Ferber","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088778038","display_name":"Paul B. Sheatsley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Sheatsley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089847600","display_name":"Anthony G. Turner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078767942","display_name":"Joseph Waksberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Waksberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94273128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"159","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13030","display_name":"Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-surveys","display_name":"sample surveys","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-methodology","display_name":"survey methodology","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-reliability","display_name":"survey reliability","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-error","display_name":"sampling error","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-sampling-error","display_name":"non-sampling error","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-design","display_name":"survey design","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questionnaire-design","display_name":"questionnaire design","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonresponse","display_name":"nonresponse","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-control","display_name":"quality control","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-costs","display_name":"survey costs","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-objectives","display_name":"survey objectives","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.6187266707420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24845683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178651","display_name":"Interview","level":2,"score":0.5951483845710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5799320340156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5695033669471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.5209035277366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5163111090660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5136539340019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.47676950693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73945780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814232","display_name":"Survey methodology","level":2,"score":0.44475364685058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.4410071074962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5733905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10744315","display_name":"Survey sampling","level":3,"score":0.4328398108482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3922383785247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2022501826286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10468915104866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10280206799507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2683989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2683989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4179095","display_name":"The American Statistician","issn_l":"0003-1305","issn":["0003-1305","1537-2731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Statistician","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249478485","https://openalex.org/W4206829249","https://openalex.org/W565521165","https://openalex.org/W7097068020","https://openalex.org/W2511246612","https://openalex.org/W4231402308","https://openalex.org/W7100602028","https://openalex.org/W2486978334","https://openalex.org/W2630283268","https://openalex.org/W2491553770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"brief":[1],"work":[2],"describes":[3],"in":[4,10,51,64,103,189,277,307,372,419,432],"nontechnical":[5],"language":[6],"the":[7,19,56,75,92,112,116,151,218,225,238,308,374,389,420,427],"operations":[8],"involved":[9],"conducting":[11,190],"a":[12,30,59,89,126,137,191,285,288],"sample":[13,113,239],"survey":[14,22,34,40,145,192,204,316,428],"and":[15,99,176,211,223,236,241,248,251,261,264,318,341,355,398,415],"aspects":[16],"of":[17,21,33,48,55,62,66,91,111,118,129,144,183,203,246,273,287,290,334,338,348,360,388,396,403,409,413,426],"assessing":[18],"reliability":[20,119],"results.":[23,41],"It":[25],"is":[26,82,193,275,363],"intended":[27],"to":[28,74,87,135,150,159,194,229,301,323,385],"provide":[29],"better":[31],"appreciation":[32],"data":[35,133,163,219,414],"for":[36,125,209,215],"nonspecialists":[37],"who":[38],"use":[39],"Surveys":[43,122,154],"obtain":[44,88],"information":[45,139,407],"from":[46],"samples":[47],"limited":[49],"size":[50,110,160],"which":[52],"each":[53],"member":[54],"population":[57,77],"has":[58],"known":[60],"probability":[61,369],"selection":[63],"excess":[65],"zero":[67],"so":[68],"that":[69,313],"results":[70,100,146,317],"can":[71,155,314],"be":[72,156,267,351,382,430],"generalized":[73],"larger":[76],"with":[78],"confidence.":[79],"Information":[81,377],"obtained":[83],"through":[84,282],"standardized":[85],"questions":[86,175],"profile":[90],"population.":[93],"Respondents":[95],"are":[96,101,123,147,321,370],"never":[97,148],"identified":[98],"presented":[102],"summaries":[104],"such":[105],"as":[106,197,199],"tables.":[107],"The":[109,142,186,254],"depends":[114],"on":[115,336,368,378],"degree":[117],"required.":[120],"conducted":[124],"wide":[127],"variety":[128],"purposes":[130],"when":[131],"insufficient":[132],"exsit":[134],"fill":[136],"specific":[138],"need.":[140],"majority":[143],"exposed":[149],"public.":[152],"classified":[157],"according":[158],"target":[161],"group":[162],"gathering":[164,220],"methodology":[165,205,221],"or":[166,173,231,284,294,305,411],"content.":[167],"They":[169],"may":[170,177,350,429],"utilize":[171],"open":[172],"closed":[174],"involve":[178],"more":[179],"than":[180],"1":[181],"round":[182],"interviewing.":[184],"1st":[187],"step":[188],"define":[195],"objectives":[196],"specifically":[198],"possible.":[200],"Planning":[202],"involves":[206],"formulating":[207],"rules":[208],"defining":[210],"locating":[212],"persons":[213,399],"eligible":[214],"inclusion":[216],"selecting":[217,237,373],"designing":[222,235],"testing":[224],"questionnaire":[226,255],"developing":[227],"procedures":[228,300,332],"minimize":[230],"control":[232,272],"response":[233],"errors":[234,304,349,354,362,380,393,408,417],"hiring":[240],"training":[242],"interviewers":[243],"planning":[244],"management":[245],"nonresponses":[247],"completing":[249],"tabulation":[250],"analysis.":[252],"must":[256],"contain":[257],"well":[258],"defined":[259],"concepts":[260],"clear":[262],"phrasing":[263],"should":[265,381],"not":[266,329,400],"overly":[268],"lengthy.":[269],"Quality":[271],"fieldwork":[274],"achieved":[276],"several":[278],"ways":[279],"most":[280],"frequently":[281],"observation":[283],"reexamination":[286],"subsample":[289],"interviews":[291],"by":[292],"supervisors":[293],"high":[295],"level":[296],"personnel":[297],"using":[298],"established":[299],"identify":[302],"obvious":[303],"omissions":[306],"data.":[309,390],"4":[311],"pitfalls":[312],"invalidate":[315],"disorient":[319],"users":[320,387],"failing":[322],"follow":[324],"an":[325],"appropriate":[326],"sampling":[327,353,361,379,416],"procedure":[328],"pretesting":[330],"field":[331],"lack":[333],"insistence":[335],"follow-up":[337],"nonresponse":[339],"cases":[340],"inadequate":[342],"quality":[343],"control.":[344],"2":[346],"types":[347],"distinguished":[352],"nonsampling":[356],"errors.":[357],"Calculation":[359],"possible":[364],"if":[365],"methods":[366],"based":[367],"used":[371],"sample.":[375],"made":[383],"available":[384],"all":[386],"Nonsampling":[392],"include":[394],"effects":[395],"refusals":[397],"at":[401],"home":[402],"respondent":[404],"giving":[405],"incorrect":[406],"coding":[410],"processing":[412],"committed":[418],"office.":[421],"A":[423],"flow":[424],"diagram":[425],"helpful":[431],"estimating":[433],"costs.":[434]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}