{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2408917023","doi":null,"title":"DNA vaccines--challenges in delivery.","display_name":"DNA vaccines--challenges in delivery.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2408917023","mag":"2408917023","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11249641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11249641","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11249641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in molecular therapeutics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017492574","display_name":"Cathy Pachuk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C J Pachuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wyeth-Lederie Vaccines, One Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA. pachukc@war.wyeth.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wyeth-Lederie Vaccines, One Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA. pachukc@war.wyeth.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031345753","display_name":"Don McCallus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D E McCallus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109176006","display_name":"DAVID B. WEINER","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D B Weiner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022450457","display_name":"C Satishchandran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Satishchandran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9047,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73270517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"188","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.42410001158714294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10704","display_name":"Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-vaccine","display_name":"DNA vaccine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmid-dna-delivery","display_name":"plasmid DNA delivery","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-viral-delivery","display_name":"non-viral delivery","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naked-dna","display_name":"naked DNA","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antigen-expression","display_name":"antigen expression","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humoral-immune-response","display_name":"humoral immune response","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-mediated-immunity","display_name":"cell-mediated immunity","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-vaccines","display_name":"therapeutic vaccines","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-production","display_name":"vaccine production","score":0.3580000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167508917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578537","display_name":"DNA vaccination","level":4,"score":0.8770567178726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.661847710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5694376826286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5407363176345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22744801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172778","display_name":"Plasmid","level":3,"score":0.5127981305122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.49102187156677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.476737380027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.4704785943031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195856716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"Naked DNA","level":4,"score":0.45383644104003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.37034839391708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.34742599725723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.16302913427352905}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000276","descriptor_name":"Adjuvants, Immunologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000276","descriptor_name":"Adjuvants, Immunologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000779","descriptor_name":"Anesthetics, Local","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000949","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Antigens Class II","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007273","descriptor_name":"Injections, Intramuscular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008081","descriptor_name":"Liposomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008807","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred BALB C","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008863","descriptor_name":"Microspheres","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010957","descriptor_name":"Plasmids","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010957","descriptor_name":"Plasmids","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014162","descriptor_name":"Transfection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015395","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Antigens Class I","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016207","descriptor_name":"Cytokines","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016207","descriptor_name":"Cytokines","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016503","descriptor_name":"Drug Delivery Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017951","descriptor_name":"Antigen Presentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018928","descriptor_name":"Immunity, Mucosal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019444","descriptor_name":"Vaccines, DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019444","descriptor_name":"Vaccines, DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019470","descriptor_name":"Biolistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066298","descriptor_name":"In Vitro Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11249641","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11249641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in molecular therapeutics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2408917023","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11249641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W205700467","https://openalex.org/W4235952900","https://openalex.org/W1073024226","https://openalex.org/W4300746061","https://openalex.org/W2998468579","https://openalex.org/W1043507754","https://openalex.org/W7098941274","https://openalex.org/W1979697307","https://openalex.org/W1973294998","https://openalex.org/W2070703178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DNA":[0,7,41,60,86,168,170,180,213,216,226,238],"vaccines":[1,70,87,136,171,203],"are":[2,137,218],"typically":[3],"comprised":[4],"of":[5,35,53,95,101,104,115,125,152,225,236],"plasmid":[6,237],"molecules":[8],"that":[9],"encode":[10],"an":[11],"antigen(s)":[12,38],"derived":[13],"from":[14,154],"a":[15,23,62,126,150],"pathogen":[16,135],"or":[17,47,50,55,72],"tumor":[18],"cell.":[19],"Following":[20],"introduction":[21],"into":[22],"vaccine,":[24],"cells":[25],"take":[26],"up":[27],"the":[28,36,76,90,96,105,113,123,132,155,159,198,223,243],"DNA,":[29],"where":[30],"expression":[31,214],"and":[32,75,92,144,175,189,215,239],"immune":[33,97,106,146],"presentation":[34],"encoded":[37,244],"takes":[39],"place.":[40],"can":[42,172],"be":[43,173,194],"introduced":[44],"by":[45,177],"viral":[46],"bacterial":[48],"vectors":[49],"through":[51],"uptake":[52],"'naked'":[54],"complexed":[56],"DNA.":[57],"Vaccination":[58],"with":[59,167,200],"is":[61,108,149,184],"recent":[63],"technology":[64],"possessing":[65],"distinct":[66],"advantages":[67],"over":[68],"traditional":[69,133],"(killed":[71],"attenuated":[73,134,156],"pathogens)":[74],"more":[77],"recently":[78],"developed":[79],"subunit":[80,84],"vaccines.":[81,169],"Unlike":[82],"most":[83],"vaccines,":[85,227],"induce":[88],"both":[89,102,142,212,232],"humoral":[91,145],"cellular":[93,143],"arms":[94,103],"response.":[98],"The":[99],"stimulation":[100],"system":[107],"important":[109,220],"not":[110,165],"only":[111],"for":[112,128,221,242],"prevention":[114],"many":[116],"diseases":[117],"including":[118],"AIDS,":[119],"but":[120],"also":[121,138],"allows":[122],"use":[124],"vaccine":[127,181],"therapeutic":[129],"purposes.":[130],"While":[131,207],"able":[139],"to":[140,158,193,196],"elicit":[141],"responses,":[147],"there":[148],"risk":[151,163],"reversion":[153],"state":[157],"virulent":[160],"state.":[161],"This":[162],"does":[164],"exist":[166],"manufactured":[174],"formulated":[176],"generic":[178],"processes.":[179],"technology,":[182],"however,":[183],"still":[185],"in":[186,205],"its":[187],"infancy":[188],"much":[190],"research":[191],"needs":[192],"done":[195],"improve":[197],"efficiency":[199],"which":[201],"these":[202],"work":[204],"humans.":[206],"continued":[208],"efforts":[209],"toward":[210],"improving":[211],"delivery":[217,235,240],"equally":[219],"increasing":[222],"utility":[224],"this":[228],"review":[229],"will":[230],"focus":[231],"on":[233],"non-viral":[234],"methods":[241],"antigen.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
