{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2407988015","doi":null,"title":"The incidence of cognitive dysfunction in an encopretic population in children.","display_name":"The incidence of cognitive dysfunction in an encopretic population in children.","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2407988015","mag":"2407988015","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3200504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:3200504","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3200504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurotoxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023804036","display_name":"Stern Hp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79620101","display_name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00xcryt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H P Stern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067481813","display_name":"Lowitz Gh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G H Lowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053077287","display_name":"Michael T. Prince","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M T Prince","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110034715","display_name":"Lori L. Altshuler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Altshuler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110392370","display_name":"Stroh Se","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S E Stroh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7124,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75039494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"351","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10365","display_name":"Gastrointestinal motility and disorders","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11174","display_name":"Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encopresis","display_name":"encopresis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"cognitive impairment","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-quotient","display_name":"intelligence quotient","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-tests","display_name":"achievement tests","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-motor-integration","display_name":"visual-motor integration","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-pathology","display_name":"central nervous system pathology","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-etiology","display_name":"genetic etiology","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.6150948405265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5214278697967529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47877299785614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.4767128825187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141779","display_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","level":3,"score":0.47158706188201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4668968617916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78170620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572850","display_name":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","level":4,"score":0.4498898983001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4438934922218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4377223253250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.43396133184432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.4331357479095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3965500593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.37228453159332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3093993663787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004688","descriptor_name":"Encopresis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011581","descriptor_name":"Psychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:3200504","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3200504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurotoxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2407988015","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3200504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406872642","https://openalex.org/W651791001","https://openalex.org/W2048153949","https://openalex.org/W1488405211","https://openalex.org/W2061073912","https://openalex.org/W2083013087","https://openalex.org/W2360164180","https://openalex.org/W2146330800","https://openalex.org/W2460952404","https://openalex.org/W2138452598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"testing":[1],"was":[2,73,102],"conducted":[3],"in":[4,53,88,108,133,147,186,223,239],"a":[5,75,139,144,174],"clinical":[6],"population":[7,50,136],"of":[8,78,110,123,130,141,164,216,220],"encopretic":[9,135,225],"patients.":[10,226],"Testing":[11],"included":[12],"the":[13,20,27,42,86,111,114,121,155,161,167,179,214,247],"Weschler":[14],"Intelligence":[15,39],"Scale":[16],"for":[17,166],"Children-Revised":[18],"(WISC-R),":[19],"Wide":[21],"Range":[22],"Achievement":[23],"Test":[24,31],"(WRAT)":[25],"and":[26,37,65,81,94,169,181,242],"Bender":[28],"Visual-Motor":[29],"Gestalt":[30],"(BVMGT).":[32],"Although":[33],"Full":[34],"Scale,":[35],"Verbal":[36],"Performance":[38],"Quotients":[40],"on":[41,85,113],"WISC-R":[43],"were":[44],"not":[45,190],"statistically":[46,82],"different":[47],"from":[48],"general":[49],"means,":[51],"subtests":[52],"Arithmetic":[54,95],"(p":[55,61,67,90,96],"less":[56,62,68,91,97],"than":[57,63,69,92,98],"0.001),":[58],"Digit":[59],"Span":[60],"0.001)":[64],"Coding":[66],"0.05)":[70],"were.":[71],"There":[72],"also":[74],"high":[76],"incidence":[77,219],"Verbal/Performance":[79],"discrepancies":[80],"significant":[83,192],"differences":[84],"WRAT":[87],"Spelling":[89],"0.01)":[93],"0.01).":[99],"Visual-motor":[100],"integration":[101],"delayed":[103],"two":[104],"or":[105,172,194,205],"more":[106],"years":[107],"43%":[109],"patients":[112,142,188],"BVMGT.":[115],"These":[116,150],"findings":[117,151],"are":[118,230],"consistent":[119],"with":[120,143],"diagnosis":[122],"specific":[124],"learning":[125,131,170,221],"disabilities.":[126],"An":[127],"increased":[128,218],"frequency":[129],"disabilities":[132,222],"an":[134,217],"may":[137,152],"represent":[138],"subset":[140],"distinct":[145],"syndrome":[146],"this":[148,198,235],"disorder.":[149],"point":[153,163],"to":[154,177,203,213,232,245],"central":[156],"nervous":[157],"system":[158],"(CNS)":[159],"as":[160],"common":[162,175],"pathology":[165],"encopresis":[168],"disabilities,":[171],"reflect":[173],"insult":[176],"both":[178],"CNS":[180],"gastrointestinal":[182],"tract.":[183],"Since":[184],"histories":[185],"these":[187],"did":[189],"reveal":[191],"pregnancy":[193],"neonatal":[195],"risk":[196],"factors,":[197],"association":[199],"could":[200],"be":[201,211],"related":[202],"genetic":[204],"environmental":[206],"issues.":[207],"Health":[208],"professionals":[209],"should":[210],"alert":[212],"possibility":[215],"their":[224],"Further":[227],"controlled":[228],"studies":[229],"needed":[231],"determine":[233,246],"if":[234,243],"finding":[236],"is":[237],"present":[238],"other":[240],"settings,":[241],"so,":[244],"etiology.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}