{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406339759","doi":null,"title":"Enhancement of delivery of therapeutic genes by photochemical internalization","display_name":"Enhancement of delivery of therapeutic genes by photochemical internalization","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406339759","mag":"2406339759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/11316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/11316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/11316","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006385578","display_name":"Vibeke Murberg Olsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vibeke Murberg Olsen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006385578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.6312999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.6312999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10957","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies","score":0.23659999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10613","display_name":"Virus-based gene therapy research","score":0.08410000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photochemical-internalization","display_name":"photochemical internalization","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-delivery","display_name":"gene delivery","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-transfer-therapy","display_name":"therapeutic gene transfer","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosensitizers","display_name":"photosensitizers","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-gene-expression","display_name":"targeted gene expression","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-viral-vectors","display_name":"non-viral vectors","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-vectors","display_name":"viral vectors","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocytic-vesicles","display_name":"endocytic vesicles","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-gene-therapy","display_name":"cancer gene therapy","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodynamic-therapy","display_name":"photodynamic therapy","score":0.8560000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139770010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339807","display_name":"Internalization","level":3,"score":0.8761227130889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135983454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2790163","display_name":"Gene delivery","level":4,"score":0.5401912927627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.45160001516342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.41224151849746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.35905176401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111599444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213901","display_name":"Genetic enhancement","level":3,"score":0.22129973769187927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.21631228923797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/11316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/11316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"},{"id":"mag:2406339759","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/11316","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/11316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/11316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048310708","https://openalex.org/W1587281889","https://openalex.org/W1998026124","https://openalex.org/W2028921245","https://openalex.org/W4241085589","https://openalex.org/W2117318887","https://openalex.org/W2299984477","https://openalex.org/W4408579919","https://openalex.org/W2061379024","https://openalex.org/W2097194070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"continuous":[1],"improvement":[2],"in":[3,27,124,237,252,290,409,506,554,579,585,654],"gene":[4,32,97,125,270,277,307,315,318,347,365,378,388,406,441,496,576,583,594,601,626,655,669],"delivery":[5,15,198,278,311,324,454,577,595,640],"vector":[6,98,379],"technology,":[7,419],"development":[8,29],"of":[9,16,30,59,89,116,167,180,187,199,205,221,229,234,244,261,269,274,276,293,299,306,312,334,357,376,403,439,455,460,467,469,512,518,572,598,650],"methods":[10],"for":[11,183,195,296,494,638],"efficient":[12,123],"and":[13,44,81,203,232,242,279,316,427,436,483,516,535,596],"specific":[14,381,394,564],"therapeutic":[17,314,405],"genes":[18,456,470,524,549],"to":[19,113,145,337,370,380,399,431,451,484,530,546,556],"target":[20,79,86,343,359],"cells":[21,154,382],"still":[22],"remains":[23],"an":[24],"important":[25,211],"issue":[26],"the":[28,48,51,60,72,78,85,90,117,185,196,206,224,230,235,245,262,267,297,300,304,339,342,358,362,377,401,434,437,448,453,458,461,464,480,485,499,507,513,519,531,548,570,599,609,613,629,642,648,651,661,668,681],"clinical":[31],"therapy.":[33],"Gene":[34],"transfer":[35,126,627],"is":[36,256,272,292,414,478,490,631],"a":[37,133,140,313,404,415,491,538,544,575,664],"complex":[38],"process":[39],"with":[40,64,151,258,581,608,663,680],"many":[41,193],"possible":[42,249],"extracellular":[43,52],"intracellular":[45,91,118,173,215],"barriers":[46,53,92,174],"limiting":[47,266],"efficiency.":[49],"Among":[50],"can":[54,217,325,525],"be":[55,143,157,218,326,527],"mentioned":[56],"enzymatic":[57],"degradation":[58,228],"DNA,":[61,169,231],"unspecific":[62],"interaction":[63],"blood":[65],"components":[66],"or":[67,349,392,475,550],"nontarget":[68],"cells,":[69],"recognition":[70],"by":[71,139,328,350,473,633,678],"immune":[73],"system,":[74],"slow":[75],"transport":[76,202],"through":[77,479],"tissue":[80,393],"inefficient":[82],"uptake":[83,178,204,468],"into":[84,341,457],"cells.\\nThe":[87],"importance":[88,182,295],"varies":[93],"considerably":[94],"between":[95],"different":[96,390,440,582],"systems.":[99],"Viral":[100],"vectors,":[101],"which":[102],"are":[103,120,179,192,320,367,429],"based":[104,353],"on":[105,354,569,625],"naturally":[106],"occurring":[107],"viruses":[108],"having":[109],"their":[110,560],"own":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"overcome":[114],"most":[115],"barriers,":[119,250],"much":[121],"more":[122],"than":[127,176],"synthetic":[128],"non-viral":[129,152,225,476],"vectors.":[130,189,442],"Thus,":[131],"just":[132],"few":[134],"viral":[135,474],"particles":[136],"taken":[137,163],"up":[138,164],"cell":[141,344,532],"may":[142,155],"sufficient":[144],"obtain":[146,400],"transgene":[147,246],"expression/transduction.":[148],"In":[149,361,498,612],"contrast,":[150],"vectors":[153,366,477,584],"not":[156],"transfected":[158],"even":[159],"though":[160],"they":[161],"have":[162,396,589,622,658],"ample":[165],"amounts":[166],"exogenous":[168],"indicating":[170],"that":[171,373,591],"overcoming":[172],"other":[175,551],"cellular":[177],"primary":[181],"improving":[184],"efficiency":[186,435],"these":[188],"Intracellularly":[190],"there":[191],"obstacles":[194,216],"functional":[197],"transgenes.":[200],"Nuclear":[201],"transfecting":[207],"DNA":[208,222,236,340,630],"represent":[209,248],"one":[210],"such":[212],"barrier.":[213],"Other":[214],"e.g.":[219,408],"dissociation":[220],"from":[223],"complexing":[226],"agent,":[227],"sequestration":[233],"endocytic":[238,481,486,508],"vesicles.":[239],"Finally":[240],"transcription":[241],"translation":[243],"also":[247,621,659],"especially":[251],"cases":[253],"where":[254,420],"it":[255],"desirable":[257],"long-term":[259],"expression":[260,319,389,402,597],"transgene.\\nAnother":[263],"factor":[264],"often":[265],"success":[268,298],"therapy":[271,308],"lack":[273],"specificity":[275,305,438],"expression.":[280],"For":[281,386],"diseases":[282],"like":[283],"cancer,":[284],"obtaining":[285],"gene-mediated":[286],"toxic":[287],"effects":[288,624],"selectively":[289],"tumors":[291],"great":[294],"treatment.":[301],"To":[302,645],"improve":[303,432],"both":[309,433],"targeted":[310,317,387,639],"being":[321],"employed.":[322],"Targeted":[323],"achieved":[327],"physical":[329,335],"targeting":[330,352,371],"i.e.":[331,423],"direct":[332],"action":[333],"force":[336],"get":[338],"(e.g.":[345],"electroporation,":[346],"gun),":[348],"biological":[351,355],"characteristics":[356],"cells.":[360],"latter":[363],"case":[364],"usually":[368],"coupled":[369],"ligands":[372],"ensure":[374],"attachment":[375],"via":[383,641],"ligand-receptor":[384],"interactions.":[385],"inducible":[391],"promoters/enhancers":[395],"been":[397],"exploited":[398],"specifically":[407],"tumors.":[410],"Photochemical":[411],"internalization":[412],"(PCI)":[413],"recently":[416],"developed":[417],"light-dependent":[418],"photochemical":[421],"treatment,":[422],"photosensitising":[424],"compounds":[425],"(photosensitizers)":[426],"light,":[428],"employed":[430,660],"The":[443,522],"technology":[444,501,662],"aims":[445],"at":[446,563],"eliminating":[447],"endosomal":[449,488],"barrier":[450],"increase":[452],"cytosol":[459],"cell.":[462],"Since":[463],"major":[465],"mechanism":[466],"carried":[471],"either":[472],"pathway":[482],"vesicles,":[487,509],"escape":[489],"necessary":[492],"step":[493],"further":[495,528,646],"processing.":[497],"PCI":[500,542,573,592,619,652],"light":[502,539],"activates":[503],"photosensitizers":[504],"localised":[505],"inducing":[510],"rupture":[511],"vesicular":[514],"membranes":[515],"release":[517],"trapped":[520],"gene.":[521],"liberated":[523],"then":[526],"delivered":[529,632],"nucleus,":[533],"transcribed":[534],"translated.":[536],"Being":[537],"dependent":[540],"treatment":[541,679],"provides":[543],"possibility":[545],"liberate":[547],"endocytosed":[552],"macromolecules":[553],"response":[555],"illumination,":[557],"thereby":[558],"triggering":[559],"activity":[561],"only":[562],"(illuminated)":[565],"sites.\\nThis":[566],"study":[567,615],"focuses":[568],"employment":[571],"as":[574],"method":[578,653],"combination":[580],"vitro.":[586],"Previous":[587],"studies":[588],"shown":[590],"improves":[593],"reporter":[600],"encoding":[602,670],"enhanced":[603],"green":[604],"fluorescent":[605],"protein":[606],"complexed":[607],"polycation":[610],"polylysine.":[611],"present":[614],"we":[616,657],"examine":[617],"whether":[618],"could":[620],"positive":[623],"when":[628],"receptor-mediated":[634],"endocytosis,":[635],"employing":[636],"transferrin":[637,643],"receptor.":[644],"test":[647],"utility":[649],"therapy,":[656],"therapeutically":[665],"relevant":[666],"gene,":[667],"herpes":[671],"simplex":[672],"virus":[673],"thymidine":[674],"kinase":[675],"(HSV-tk)":[676],"followed":[677],"HSV-tk":[682],"activated":[683],"prodrug":[684],"ganciclovir":[685],"(GCV).":[686]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-03T10:48:47.769340","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}