{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2405958645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","title":"Implementation and Operational Research","display_name":"Implementation and Operational Research","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2405958645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","mag":"2405958645","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26910387","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5902407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157460402","display_name":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes","issn_l":"1525-4135","issn":["1525-4135","1944-7884"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000896","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045318373","display_name":"Suzue Saito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-5736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-5736","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-1847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147168166","display_name":"Moi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p6eac84","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147168166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158668","display_name":"AMPATH","ror":"https://ror.org/049nx2j30","country_code":"KE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154024","display_name":"ICAP Global Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01f0vkh84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154024","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["KE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suzue Saito","raw_affiliation_strings":["*ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; \u2020Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u00b6Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; #Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; and \u2016\u2016Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; \u2020Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u00b6Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; #Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; and \u2016\u2016Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147168166","https://openalex.org/I27804330","https://openalex.org/I4210158668","https://openalex.org/I4387154024","https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008300222","display_name":"Philani Mpofu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-029X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-029X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philani Mpofu","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111895071","display_name":"E Jane Carter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Jane Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003450734","display_name":"Lameck Oteko Diero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-3570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-3570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lameck Diero","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024622118","display_name":"Kara Wools\u2010Kaloustian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-4452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-4452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kara K. Wools-Kaloustian","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059878540","display_name":"Constantin Theodore Yiannoutsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-3651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-3651"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantin T. Yiannoutsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017588392","display_name":"Beverly Sue Musick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-6798","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-6798"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musick S. Beverly","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081822542","display_name":"Simon Tsiouris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Tsiouris","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112295151","display_name":"Geoffrey R. Somi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey R. Somi","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113867808","display_name":"John Ssali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Ssali","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043031415","display_name":"Denis Nash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-5386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-5386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Nash","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134534","https://openalex.org/I4210144228","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004270309","display_name":"Batya Elul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-3073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-3073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134534","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210134534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144228","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210144228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Batya Elul","raw_affiliation_strings":["","#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.; \u00a7School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; \u00a7\u00a7Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program at the CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY; \u2016Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; \u2020\u2020National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; \u2021Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; \u2021\u2021Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN; **Currently Ridgewood Infectious Diseases, Ridgewood, NJ; *ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY; Accepted October 26, 2015; Received April 07, 2015; The IeDEA East Africa Consortium is funded by the following institutes: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant number U01AI069911. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.; The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.; This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. 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