{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2404315768","doi":null,"title":"Severe Group A Streptococcal Infections","display_name":"Severe Group A Streptococcal Infections","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2404315768","mag":"2404315768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2404315768","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26866227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062594893","display_name":"Dennis Leroy Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-0258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-0258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094503","display_name":"Boise VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00mz0c648","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094503","https://openalex.org/I4210138024"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis L. Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-0258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081263864","display_name":"Amy Evelyn Bryant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-1718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-1718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy E. Bryant","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle , WA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-1718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle , WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9460171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11153","display_name":"Streptococcal Infections and Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11153","display_name":"Streptococcal Infections and Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12297","display_name":"Otolaryngology and Infectious Diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10195","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-pyogenes","display_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-a-streptococcal-infection","display_name":"group A streptococcal infection","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invasive-streptococcal-disease","display_name":"invasive streptococcal infection","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcal-toxic-shock-syndrome","display_name":"streptococcal toxic shock syndrome","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/necrotizing-fasciitis","display_name":"necrotizing fasciitis","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-necrosis","display_name":"muscle necrosis","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarlet-fever","display_name":"scarlet fever","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacteremia","display_name":"bacteremia","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcal-superantigens","display_name":"streptococcal superantigens","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitogenic-factors","display_name":"mitogenic factors","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcal-virulence","display_name":"streptococcal virulence","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-pathogenesis","display_name":"bacterial pathogenesis","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-tissue-infection","display_name":"soft tissue infection","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-diagnosis","display_name":"delayed diagnosis","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.6970000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131271","display_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","level":4,"score":0.8994187712669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777217379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1870975","display_name":"Fasciitis","level":2,"score":0.851912260055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6094853281974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779821349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128440","display_name":"Toxic shock syndrome","level":4,"score":0.6038065552711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779443120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650912","display_name":"Bacteremia","level":3,"score":0.5643671751022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.5336858034133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503182166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180266","display_name":"Scarlet fever","level":2,"score":0.46582624316215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.4568338096141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137627325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156318","display_name":"Etiology","level":2,"score":0.43478843569755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4208589792251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.38695913553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.379299134016037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.26183679699897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.237146258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.22977277636528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21188655495643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779489039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","level":3,"score":0.13279452919960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.12188085913658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2404315768","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26866227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8899999856948853}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60290306","https://openalex.org/W156805900","https://openalex.org/W1240086453","https://openalex.org/W1509644005","https://openalex.org/W1525202882","https://openalex.org/W1825541953","https://openalex.org/W1889005813","https://openalex.org/W1890443126","https://openalex.org/W1930290089","https://openalex.org/W1964010009","https://openalex.org/W1965186407","https://openalex.org/W1966686382","https://openalex.org/W1966820455","https://openalex.org/W1969641858","https://openalex.org/W1972987193","https://openalex.org/W1973860659","https://openalex.org/W1974212358","https://openalex.org/W1974315333","https://openalex.org/W1980712304","https://openalex.org/W1981202090","https://openalex.org/W1982036627","https://openalex.org/W1982280689","https://openalex.org/W1987008680","https://openalex.org/W1991692431","https://openalex.org/W1994782888","https://openalex.org/W1998384572","https://openalex.org/W2000765045","https://openalex.org/W2003611750","https://openalex.org/W2004230941","https://openalex.org/W2005592861","https://openalex.org/W2013760221","https://openalex.org/W2017315751","https://openalex.org/W2020955171","https://openalex.org/W2023328614","https://openalex.org/W2025828314","https://openalex.org/W2033053254","https://openalex.org/W2033818699","https://openalex.org/W2034620777","https://openalex.org/W2035114086","https://openalex.org/W2035652411","https://openalex.org/W2036310578","https://openalex.org/W2037775674","https://openalex.org/W2039464829","https://openalex.org/W2041512920","https://openalex.org/W2041907464","https://openalex.org/W2042681489","https://openalex.org/W2045915322","https://openalex.org/W2046665234","https://openalex.org/W2051614705","https://openalex.org/W2054861518","https://openalex.org/W2068005229","https://openalex.org/W2069597395","https://openalex.org/W2070144977","https://openalex.org/W2074170394","https://openalex.org/W2074244440","https://openalex.org/W2078048803","https://openalex.org/W2079202443","https://openalex.org/W2080933359","https://openalex.org/W2084142073","https://openalex.org/W2086932268","https://openalex.org/W2088159995","https://openalex.org/W2091680344","https://openalex.org/W2100549943","https://openalex.org/W2101653300","https://openalex.org/W2105311808","https://openalex.org/W2105825563","https://openalex.org/W2106129941","https://openalex.org/W2111090825","https://openalex.org/W2111145023","https://openalex.org/W2111307900","https://openalex.org/W2111515797","https://openalex.org/W2113392481","https://openalex.org/W2113737724","https://openalex.org/W2114042701","https://openalex.org/W2114500279","https://openalex.org/W2115292254","https://openalex.org/W2118100130","https://openalex.org/W2118675985","https://openalex.org/W2121412518","https://openalex.org/W2122412289","https://openalex.org/W2123256155","https://openalex.org/W2124656342","https://openalex.org/W2125300642","https://openalex.org/W2128625547","https://openalex.org/W2128682018","https://openalex.org/W2130348108","https://openalex.org/W2130766799","https://openalex.org/W2130830682","https://openalex.org/W2130860009","https://openalex.org/W2132272199","https://openalex.org/W2132715940","https://openalex.org/W2133886029","https://openalex.org/W2135666941","https://openalex.org/W2135933471","https://openalex.org/W2136609531","https://openalex.org/W2136693319","https://openalex.org/W2138571461","https://openalex.org/W2139547086","https://openalex.org/W2143002313","https://openalex.org/W2145587342","https://openalex.org/W2147115561","https://openalex.org/W2147547119","https://openalex.org/W2147878474","https://openalex.org/W2150273907","https://openalex.org/W2154141590","https://openalex.org/W2157164709","https://openalex.org/W2159476114","https://openalex.org/W2159623950","https://openalex.org/W2160147705","https://openalex.org/W2162153085","https://openalex.org/W2163153824","https://openalex.org/W2167944937","https://openalex.org/W2168982611","https://openalex.org/W2170874219","https://openalex.org/W2172227920","https://openalex.org/W2269761574","https://openalex.org/W2324774300","https://openalex.org/W2325678661","https://openalex.org/W2330005137","https://openalex.org/W2330420020","https://openalex.org/W2413570676","https://openalex.org/W2605398134","https://openalex.org/W3154259764","https://openalex.org/W4231212167","https://openalex.org/W4242577392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W228234764","https://openalex.org/W2063085416","https://openalex.org/W2045992083","https://openalex.org/W2147547119","https://openalex.org/W2810010128","https://openalex.org/W7100716211","https://openalex.org/W2330005137","https://openalex.org/W2806960985","https://openalex.org/W2135026239","https://openalex.org/W2485306143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Life-threatening":[0],"infections":[1,47,72,237],"caused":[2],"by":[3,91],"Streptococcus":[4],"pyogenes":[5,58,71,107,221],"(group":[6],"A":[7,212],"streptococcus)":[8],"include":[9],"scarlet":[10],"fever,":[11],"bacteremia,":[12],"pneumonia,":[13],"necrotizing":[14,108,123],"fasciitis,":[15],"myonecrosis":[16],"and":[17,29,40,96,150,159,206,227,259,265,279,294,303,318],"Streptococcal":[18],"Toxic":[19],"Shock":[20],"Syndrome":[21],"(StrepTSS).":[22],"This":[23,153,306],"chapter":[24],"focuses":[25],"on":[26,329],"the":[27,82,92,97,130,136,145,189,193,203,254,261,311,327,330],"clinical":[28,134,210],"epidemiological":[30],"features":[31],"of":[32,94,115,121,132,176,195,200,234,249,268,291,297,314,332],"these":[33],"infections,":[34],"as":[35,37,52,274,308,310],"well":[36,309],"treatment":[38],"options":[39],"bacterial":[41,116,250],"pathogenesis.":[42],"In":[43,129],"brief,":[44],"such":[45,133],"invasive":[46,69,236],"can":[48],"simply":[49],"be":[50],"defined":[51],"any":[53],"infection":[54,95,172,222],"in":[55,103,156,164,231,323,326],"which":[56],"S.":[57,70,106,220],"is":[59,88,139,197,207,228,238,321],"isolated":[60],"from":[61],"a":[62,74,112,122,174,266],"normally":[63],"sterile":[64],"body":[65],"site.":[66],"Patients":[67],"with":[68,105,240],"have":[73],"relatively":[75,177],"low":[76],"mortality":[77,87,160],"rate,":[78],"unless":[79],"they":[80],"meet":[81],"established":[83],"criteria":[84],"for":[85],"StrepTSS.Patient":[86],"also":[89],"influenced":[90],"site":[93,175],"patient\u2019s":[98],"presenting":[99],"history.":[100],"For":[101],"example,":[102],"patients":[104,163],"fasciitis/myonecrosis":[109],"that":[110,185,215,242,252,287,300],"lacks":[111],"discernable":[113],"portal":[114],"entry,":[117],"classical":[118,255],"cutaneous":[119],"signs":[120],"process":[124],"are":[125,284],"not":[126,187],"initially":[127],"apparent.":[128],"absence":[131],"clues,":[135],"correct":[137],"diagnosis":[138],"often":[140,198],"missed":[141],"or":[142],"delayed":[143],"until":[144],"patient":[146],"manifests":[147],"systemic":[148],"shock":[149,302],"organ":[151,304],"failure.":[152,305],"delay":[154],"results":[155],"high":[157],"morbidity":[158],"rates.":[161],"Interestingly,":[162],"this":[165,232],"\u201cno":[166],"portal\u201d":[167],"category":[168],"frequently":[169],"develop":[170],"soft-tissue":[171],"at":[173,192],"minor":[178],"antecedent":[179],"soft":[180],"tissue":[181,319],"injury":[182,204,217],"(strain,":[183],"bruise)":[184],"did":[186],"break":[188],"skin.":[190],"Pain":[191],"time":[194],"presentation":[196],"out":[199],"proportion":[201],"to":[202,218],"itself,":[205],"an":[208],"important":[209],"clue.":[211],"molecular":[213,312],"mechanism":[214],"links":[216],"secondary":[219],"has":[223],"been":[224],"recently":[225,270],"proposed,":[226],"discussed":[229,322],"later":[230],"chapter.Development":[233],"severe":[235],"associated":[239],"strains":[241],"produce":[243],"streptococcal":[244,280,315],"pyrogenic":[245],"exotoxins":[246],"(Spe)\u2014a":[247],"family":[248],"superantigens":[251,272],"includes":[253],"scarlatina":[256],"toxins":[257],"SpeA":[258],"SpeC,":[260],"cysteine":[262],"proteinase":[263],"SpeB,":[264],"number":[267],"more":[269,324],"described":[271],"(such":[273],"mitogenic":[275],"factor":[276],"[MF,":[277],"SpeF]":[278],"superantigen":[281],"[SSA]).":[282],"Superantigens":[283],"potent":[285],"immunostimulators":[286],"cause":[288],"clonal":[289],"proliferation":[290],"T":[292],"cells":[293],"watershed":[295],"production":[296],"pro-inflammatory":[298],"cytokines":[299],"mediate":[301],"concept,":[307],"biology":[313],"virulence,":[316],"colonization,":[317],"invasion,":[320],"detail":[325],"section":[328],"pathogenesis":[331],"StrepTSS.":[333]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}