{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2402937525","doi":null,"title":"Does estrogen replacement therapy protect against rheumatoid arthritis?","display_name":"Does estrogen replacement therapy protect against rheumatoid arthritis?","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2402937525","mag":"2402937525","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1765970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:1765970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1765970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of rheumatology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002163035","display_name":"Tim D. Spector","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-0365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-0365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307195382","display_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00nh9x179","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382","https://openalex.org/I225661044"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T D Spector","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001258652","display_name":"Paul Brennan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0518-8714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0518-8714","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-1478","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-6818"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Brennan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037876818","display_name":"Preston Royal Harris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042342536","display_name":"John W. W. Studd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J W Studd","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018096937","display_name":"Alan J. Silman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-8925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-8925"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A J Silman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77990106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"10","first_page":"1473","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10694","display_name":"Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10694","display_name":"Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10200","display_name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10756","display_name":"Estrogen and related hormone effects","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estrogen-replacement-therapy","display_name":"estrogen replacement therapy","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheumatoid-arthritis","display_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postmenopausal-women","display_name":"postmenopausal women","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arthritis-incidence","display_name":"arthritis incidence","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-selection-bias","display_name":"self-selection bias","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menopause","display_name":"menopause","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9571182727813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777575956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187255","display_name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","level":2,"score":0.7800676822662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.7589820623397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177708","display_name":"Menopause","level":2,"score":0.5987372994422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777164284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277954","display_name":"Estrogen","level":2,"score":0.5934290885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5793997049331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.57001793384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167704817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295548","display_name":"Rate ratio","level":3,"score":0.5657526254653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780159708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17003363","display_name":"Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)","level":3,"score":0.5500364899635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5257809162139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5183278322219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.4524003267288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020211606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3354346","display_name":"Estrogen replacement therapy","level":3,"score":0.4361407160758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779279991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058681","display_name":"Testosterone (patch)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001172","descriptor_name":"Arthritis, Rheumatoid","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001172","descriptor_name":"Arthritis, Rheumatoid","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001172","descriptor_name":"Arthritis, Rheumatoid","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004967","descriptor_name":"Estrogens","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008593","descriptor_name":"Menopause","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015914","descriptor_name":"Estrogen Replacement Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:1765970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1765970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of rheumatology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2402937525","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1765970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985563725","https://openalex.org/W2115816081","https://openalex.org/W7155609782","https://openalex.org/W1985983090","https://openalex.org/W2137758122","https://openalex.org/W7132978691","https://openalex.org/W7125417273","https://openalex.org/W1993253418","https://openalex.org/W7038407848","https://openalex.org/W7061713533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68],"incidence":[1,54,106,112,127,136],"of":[2,11,17,56,61,100,125,151],"rheumatoid":[3],"arthritis":[4],"(RA)":[5],"was":[6,27,73],"compared":[7],"in":[8,104,107,114,118,128,162],"2":[9],"cohorts":[10],"women":[12,29,44],"aged":[13],"35-64.":[14],"One":[15],"consisted":[16],"1,075":[18],"estrogen":[19,146],"replacement":[20],"therapy":[21,147],"(ERT)":[22],"users":[23],"and":[24,41,58,65,78,168],"the":[25,48,88,97,111,115,134,143,149,160,164],"other":[26],"3,251":[28],"from":[30],"general":[31],"practice":[32],"registers.":[33],"Screening":[34],"detected":[35],"32":[36],"cases;":[37],"8":[38],"postmenopausal":[39,129],"control":[40],"6":[42],"ERT":[43,64,72,108,167],"developed":[45],"RA":[46,105,126],"during":[47],"study":[49,120],"period":[50],"1982-1986.":[51],"This":[52],"produced":[53],"rates":[55,137],"19.7/10,000":[57],"12.3/10,000":[59],"years":[60],"observation":[62,99],"for":[63,71,84,145],"controls,":[66],"respectively.":[67],"relative":[69],"risks":[70],"1.62":[74],"(95%":[75],"CI":[76],"0.56-4.74)":[77],"reduced":[79],"towards":[80],"unity":[81],"after":[82],"adjustment":[83],"potential":[85],"confounders.":[86],"Despite":[87],"wide":[89],"confidence":[90],"interval,":[91],"our":[92],"data":[93],"do":[94],"not":[95],"support":[96],"previous":[98],"a":[101],"4-fold":[102],"reduction":[103],"users.":[109],"Indeed":[110],"rate":[113],"exposed":[116],"group":[117],"this":[119],"exceeded":[121],"current":[122],"population":[123],"estimates":[124],"women.":[130],"We":[131],"believe":[132],"that":[133],"high":[135],"could":[138],"be":[139],"best":[140],"explained":[141],"by":[142],"self-selection":[144],"at":[148],"menopause":[150],"those":[152],"with":[153],"undiagnosed":[154],"joint":[155],"symptoms.":[156],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"underscore":[159],"difficulties":[161],"elucidating":[163],"relationship":[165],"between":[166],"RA.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}