{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2400299372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","title":"Organizing principles for single-joint movements. IV. Implications for isometric contractions","display_name":"Organizing principles for single-joint movements. IV. Implications for isometric contractions","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2400299372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","mag":"2400299372","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2230915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142952003","display_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","issn_l":"0022-3077","issn":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071580456","display_name":"Daniel M. Corcos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-6458","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-6458"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Corcos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112807029","display_name":"Gyan C. Agarwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. C. Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"B. P. Flaherty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. P. Flaherty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110123311","display_name":"Gerald L. Gottlieb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. L. Gottlieb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education, University of Illinois, Chicago60680","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88911381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"1033","last_page":"1042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.17739999294281006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13752","display_name":"Mechanics and Biomechanics Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isometric-contraction","display_name":"isometric contraction","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-control","display_name":"motor control","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizing-principles","display_name":"organizing principles","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"pulse width modulation","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elbow-torque","display_name":"elbow torque","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"electromyography","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-joint-movements","display_name":"single-joint movements","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.7971868515014648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.6649084091186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.4506740868091583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163415756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126473","display_name":"Contraction (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.44155120849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.43468862771987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.43180763721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776885963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245204","display_name":"Antagonist","level":3,"score":0.42683786153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778938600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389934","display_name":"Agonist","level":3,"score":0.4226861596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3824835419654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3723708391189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3362751007080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3225705921649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.30522412061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2970203161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2840084433555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1751752495765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16383633017539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.12121453881263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1030069887638092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09248965978622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0713895857334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007537","descriptor_name":"Isometric Contraction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007596","descriptor_name":"Joints","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.1033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142952003","display_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","issn_l":"0022-3077","issn":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2230915","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2230915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of neurophysiology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G383457635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AR 33189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5851411711","display_name":"ELASTIC/PLASTIC HUMAN JOINT COMPLIANCE","funder_award_id":"R01AR033189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G856892373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS-23593","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/006zn3t30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979251983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125537351","https://openalex.org/W4318599949","https://openalex.org/W2015525364","https://openalex.org/W2338241201","https://openalex.org/W1934905346","https://openalex.org/W1847119195","https://openalex.org/W2056032492","https://openalex.org/W1904846579","https://openalex.org/W205797669","https://openalex.org/W1976034043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1.":[0],"Normal":[1],"human":[2],"subjects":[3,147],"made":[4],"isometric":[5,179,260,283,328,333],"pulse":[6],"and":[7,21,29,35,64,120,136,241,252,286],"step":[8,284],"contractions":[9,138,261,285,294],"about":[10,171,188],"the":[11,41,46,50,57,62,70,75,81,88,91,124,131,134,153,157,163,167,176,199,203,211,220,230,264,325,343],"elbow":[12],"to":[13,101,143,175,320,324],"visually":[14],"defined":[15],"target":[16],"torques":[17,103],"of":[18,59,61,72,74,79,83,90,104,133,151,169,178,186,196,213,236,244,263,267,291,300,305,327,342],"different":[19,23,105],"amplitudes":[20,106],"at":[22,52,205],"rates.":[24],"We":[25,161,276],"measured":[26],"joint":[27,174,191],"torque":[28,54,80,112,187,237,268,311,319],"electromyograms":[30],"(EMG)":[31],"from":[32,239],"two":[33,36,197,233,315,344],"agonist":[34,63,135,158],"antagonist":[37,65,137,154],"muscles.":[38],"2.":[39],"When":[40,96],"task":[42],"specification":[43],"requires":[44],"that":[45,184,270,295,317],"subject":[47,98],"explicitly":[48],"alter":[49],"rate":[51,71,204],"which":[53,206,223],"is":[55,99,114,192,307],"increased,":[56],"rates":[58],"rise":[60,73],"EMG":[66,125],"bursts":[67],"covary":[68,130],"with":[69,87,117,156],"torque.":[76,180,329],"For":[77],"pulses":[78],"duration":[82,89,221],"motoneuron":[84],"excitation":[85,292],"varies":[86,219],"task-defined":[92],"contractile":[93],"event.":[94],"3.":[95],"a":[97,109,149,172,189,278,340],"asked":[100],"generate":[102],"without":[107],"specifying":[108],"time":[110],"interval,":[111],"amplitude":[113],"positively":[115],"correlated":[116],"how":[118,122],"long,":[119],"therefore":[121],"high,":[123],"rose.":[126],"Subjects":[127],"usually":[128],"proportionately":[129],"strength":[132],"but":[139,226],"are":[140,257,335,350],"not":[141,228],"constrained":[142],"do":[144],"so.":[145],"Some":[146],"use":[148],"strategy":[150,201,218],"varying":[152,210],"inversely":[155],"contraction.":[159],"4.":[160],"extend":[162],"organizing":[164],"principles":[165],"for":[166,255,259,281,293,348],"control":[168,177,185,318,326],"movement":[170,322],"single":[173,190],"These":[181,232],"rules":[182,249],"state":[183],"exercised":[193],"by":[194,209,339],"one":[195],"strategies:":[198],"speed-sensitive":[200,251],"modulates":[202],"contraction":[207,224],"rises":[208,225],"intensity":[212],"motoneuron-pool":[214,245],"excitation.":[215,246],"The":[216,248,303,313],"speed-insensitive":[217,253],"over":[222,297],"does":[227],"change":[229],"rate.":[231],"respective":[234],"patterns":[235,269,290],"emerge":[238],"pulse-height":[240],"pulse-width":[242],"modulation":[243],"5.":[247],"defining":[250],"strategies":[254,306,316],"movements":[256],"broadened":[258],"because":[262],"wider":[265],"range":[266],"we":[271],"observe":[272],"under":[273],"these":[274],"conditions.":[275],"propose":[277],"step-excitation":[279],"component":[280],"prolonged":[282],"slowly":[287],"rising":[288],"ramp":[289],"develop":[296],"several":[298],"hundreds":[299],"milliseconds.":[301],"6.":[302],"choice":[304],"based":[308],"on":[309],"task-specific":[310],"requirements.":[312],"same":[314],"produce":[321],"apply":[323],"Unlike":[330],"movements,":[331],"however,":[332],"tasks":[334],"more":[336],"often":[337],"controlled":[338],"blending":[341],"patterns.":[345],"Possible":[346],"reasons":[347],"this":[349],"discussed.":[351]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
