{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2399286203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","title":"The activity of proguanil and its metabolites, cycloguanil andp-chlorophenylbiguanide, againstPlasmodium falciparum in vitro","display_name":"The activity of proguanil and its metabolites, cycloguanil andp-chlorophenylbiguanide, againstPlasmodium falciparum in vitro","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2399286203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","mag":"2399286203","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6385887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135866459","display_name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology","issn_l":"0003-4983","issn":["0003-4983","1364-8594"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320442","host_organization_name":"Maney Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320442"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Maney Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110118116","display_name":"W.M. Watkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. M. Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050893334","display_name":"David G. Sixsmith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. G. Sixsmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079988051","display_name":"Jeffrey David Chulay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802125050","display_name":"United States Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/00bxym797","country_code":"KE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802125050","https://openalex.org/I2802581893","https://openalex.org/I92664306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. D. Chulay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Centre, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya and U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Centre, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya and U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802125050","https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6038,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85798631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"3","first_page":"273","last_page":"278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12685","display_name":"Phytochemical compounds biological activities","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3002","display_name":"Drug Discovery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proguanil","display_name":"proguanil","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycloguanil","display_name":"cycloguanil","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmodium-falciparum","display_name":"Plasmodium falciparum","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimalarial-activity","display_name":"antimalarial activity","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistance","display_name":"drug resistance","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-resistance","display_name":"cross-resistance","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrimethamine","display_name":"pyrimethamine","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chloroquine","display_name":"chloroquine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolites","display_name":"metabolites","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-drug-sensitivity","display_name":"in vitro drug sensitivity","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779636613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420607","display_name":"Proguanil","level":4,"score":0.9953138828277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311383","display_name":"Plasmodium falciparum","level":3,"score":0.85663902759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777035104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421072","display_name":"Pyrimethamine","level":4,"score":0.8454722166061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778301690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411557","display_name":"Sulfadoxine","level":5,"score":0.5429887175559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.5289475917816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777425658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438","display_name":"Chloroquine","level":3,"score":0.5157566070556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4949426054954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779124865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418179","display_name":"Atovaquone","level":4,"score":0.441182017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777477808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407595","display_name":"Metabolite","level":2,"score":0.4115653336048126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.38811489939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32834452390670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3125394284725189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.17047536373138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1425110101699829}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001645","descriptor_name":"Biguanides","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002727","descriptor_name":"Proguanil","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002738","descriptor_name":"Chloroquine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008826","descriptor_name":"Microbial Sensitivity Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010963","descriptor_name":"Plasmodium falciparum","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011739","descriptor_name":"Pyrimethamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014227","descriptor_name":"Triazines","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135866459","display_name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology","issn_l":"0003-4983","issn":["0003-4983","1364-8594"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320442","host_organization_name":"Maney Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320442"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Maney Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:6385887","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6385887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544864283","https://openalex.org/W1563683501","https://openalex.org/W1809444312","https://openalex.org/W1969503178","https://openalex.org/W1973918185","https://openalex.org/W1989334851","https://openalex.org/W2009943836","https://openalex.org/W2036875821","https://openalex.org/W2105668259","https://openalex.org/W2112191861","https://openalex.org/W2179281252","https://openalex.org/W2262556399","https://openalex.org/W2331145102","https://openalex.org/W2332682156","https://openalex.org/W2404078719","https://openalex.org/W2404282836","https://openalex.org/W2553882292","https://openalex.org/W3213315301","https://openalex.org/W4241291456","https://openalex.org/W4300708131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018521635","https://openalex.org/W270987812","https://openalex.org/W2015727481","https://openalex.org/W2160548178","https://openalex.org/W2090321836","https://openalex.org/W2052643230","https://openalex.org/W7095992317","https://openalex.org/W2142181647","https://openalex.org/W99853137","https://openalex.org/W2036893696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"an":[1],"in":[2,43,90],"vitro":[3],"radioisotopic":[4],"method,":[5],"the":[6,46,61,72,114,125],"activity":[7,89,115],"was":[8,59,64,75],"measured":[9],"of":[10,30,96,108,116,127],"proguanil,":[11],"its":[12,128],"metabolites":[13],"cycloguanil":[14,42,78],"and":[15,19,24,41,48,71,84],"p-chlorophenylbiguanide":[16],"(PBG),":[17],"pyrimethamine,":[18],"chloroquine":[20],"against":[21,118],"seven":[22],"Kenyan":[23,34,50],"three":[25],"South":[26],"East":[27],"Asian":[28],"strains":[29,51],"Plasmodium":[31],"falciparum.":[32],"Five":[33],"isolates":[35],"were":[36,52],"sensitive":[37],"to":[38,54,66,77,101,124],"both":[39,55],"pyrimethamine":[40,67],"vitro,":[44,91],"while":[45],"Smith":[47],"two":[49],"resistant":[53,65,76],"these":[56],"drugs.":[57],"Cross-resistance":[58],"incomplete:":[60],"Camp":[62],"strain":[63,74],"but":[68,79,92],"not":[69,80],"cycloguanil,":[70],"FVO":[73],"pyrimethamine.":[81],"Both":[82],"proguanil":[83,117],"PBG":[85],"exhibited":[86],"weak":[87],"antimalarial":[88],"inhibitory":[93],"blood":[94],"levels":[95],"either":[97],"compound":[98],"are":[99],"unlikely":[100],"occur":[102],"after":[103],"a":[104],"normal":[105],"human":[106],"dose":[107],"proguanil.":[109],"The":[110],"results":[111],"indicate":[112],"that":[113],"P.":[119],"falciparum":[120],"is":[121],"due":[122],"entirely":[123],"action":[126],"active":[129],"metabolite":[130],"cycloguanil.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
