{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2397824663","doi":null,"title":"Known unknowns: evidence of health co-benefits of decarbonising the transport sector","display_name":"Known unknowns: evidence of health co-benefits of decarbonising the transport sector","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2397824663","mag":"2397824663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.64OTAGO_INST:11396714730001891","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Known-unknowns-Evidence-of-health-co-benefits/9926479300601891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081305208","display_name":"Caroline Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-4765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-4765"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-4765","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081305208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.22579999268054962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-decarbonization","display_name":"transport decarbonization","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-co-benefits","display_name":"health co-benefits","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox","display_name":"NOx","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-pricing","display_name":"carbon pricing","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-transport","display_name":"active transport","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking","display_name":"walking","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism-planning","display_name":"tourism planning","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions","display_name":"vehicle emissions","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47969910502433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3414383828639984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22585269808769226}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.64OTAGO_INST:11396714730001891","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Known-unknowns-Evidence-of-health-co-benefits/9926479300601891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ourarchive.otago.ac.nz:10523/6415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2397824663","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/6415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7731000185012817},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2671571863","https://openalex.org/W1969656816","https://openalex.org/W4402210727","https://openalex.org/W7211867990","https://openalex.org/W7161230676","https://openalex.org/W4282841957","https://openalex.org/W4241367016","https://openalex.org/W2444374033","https://openalex.org/W4413819432","https://openalex.org/W4389657477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Theory":[0],"and":[1,67,91,148,158,163,199,276,290,313,342,479,489,504,526,533,574,598,611,627,647],"modelling":[2],"studies":[3,126,170],"suggest":[4],"that":[5,37,104,637],"some":[6,561],"interventions":[7,130,141],"to":[8,18,24,77,205,221,228,252,282,287,392,486,530,547,607,630,633],"decarbonise":[9],"emissions":[10,109,635],"in":[11,16,152,160,172,197,202,209,359,365,381,395,421,436,448,463,538,615],"the":[12,19,26,56,75,137,169,173,182,185,195,254,298,305,309,325,401,453,464,469,476,513,519,531,539,553,564,579,583,602,609,616,622,625,628,645],"transport":[13,106,554],"sector":[14,107,555],"can,":[15],"addition":[17],"long-term":[20,291],"benefits":[21,32],"from":[22,131,266,280,324,372],"contributing":[23],"stabilising":[25],"global":[27],"climate,":[28],"have":[29,110,211,236],"substantial":[30],"short-term":[31,568],"for":[33,43,99,297,348,475,496,563],"population":[34,47,117],"health.":[35],"Policies":[36],"encourage":[38],"active":[39,153],"modes":[40],"of":[41,58,84,89,127,144,168,184,264,300,308,322,338,432,468,518,535,544,551,566,601,613,618,624,650],"transportation,":[42],"example,":[44,370],"may":[45,639],"increase":[46,364,380],"physical":[48],"activity":[49],"or":[50,226,515],"decrease":[51,105],"air":[52,216,245,269,343,352,375,499,576],"pollution,":[53],"thus":[54],"reducing":[55],"burden":[57],"conditions":[59],"such":[60,155],"as":[61,156,330],"colon":[62],"cancer,":[63],"diabetes,":[64],"heart":[65],"disease":[66],"dementia.":[68],"This":[69,218,458,558],"thesis":[70],"was":[71,219,250,258,295,316,328,384,460,528,587],"concerned":[72],"with":[73,179,362,386,593],"examining":[74],"evidence":[76,90,100,546,614],"support":[78,548,562],"these":[79],"co-benefits":[80,550],"through":[81,243],"two":[82,426,454],"pieces":[83],"research;":[85],"a":[86,92,111,223,237,261,301,356,378,387,413,439,444,567],"systematic":[87,96],"review":[88,97,138,174],"natural":[93,191],"experiment":[94,192],"analysis.\\n\\nThe":[95],"searched":[98],"on":[101,114,214,240,260],"whether":[102,207,230],"policies":[103],"CO2":[108,164],"measurable":[112],"effect":[113],"health":[115,118,120,241,549,648],"determinants,":[116],"and/or":[119],"inequalities":[121],"under":[122],"\u2018real-world\u2019":[123],"conditions.":[124],"Twenty-two":[125],"eleven":[128],"relevant":[129],"four":[132,267,326,423],"countries":[133],"were":[134,142,175,285,331,482,591],"identified":[135,171],"after":[136,438],"process.":[139],"These":[140],"mostly":[143],"personalised":[145],"travel":[146],"planning":[147],"showed":[149,355,493],"modest":[150,357],"increases":[151,208],"transport,":[154],"walking,":[157],"reductions":[159],"vehicle":[161],"use":[162],"emissions.":[165],"The":[166,293,403,473,521],"majority":[167],"poor":[176],"quality,":[177],"and,":[178],"one":[180,351],"exception,":[181],"validity":[183,600],"reported":[186],"results":[187,323],"cannot":[188],"be":[189,222,640],"assumed.\\n\\nThe":[190],"analysis":[193,559,594],"utilised":[194],"variations":[196],"petrol":[198,367,382,409,487],"diesel":[200,477],"price":[201,210,234,311,383,440,478,488,525,572],"New":[203,274],"Zealand":[204],"explore":[206],"an":[212,231,363,433],"impact":[213,239,581],"transport-related":[215,575],"pollution.":[217,246],"intended":[220],"\u2018natural":[224],"experiment\u2019":[225],"proxy,":[227],"estimate":[229],"effective":[232],"carbon":[233,646],"would":[235],"discernible":[238],"outcomes":[242],"reduced":[244],"A":[247],"causal":[248],"diagram":[249],"used":[251,286,537],"inform":[253],"analysis.":[255],"Linear":[256],"regression":[257],"conducted":[259],"weekly":[262],"time-series":[263],"NOx,":[265],"roadside":[268],"quality":[270,353,376,612],"monitoring":[271],"stations":[272,327,424,427],"around":[273],"Zealand,":[275],"fuel":[277,524,571],"pricing":[278],"data,":[279],"2001":[281],"2013.":[283],"Splines":[284],"remove":[288],"seasonal":[289],"trends.":[292],"model":[294],"adjusted":[296,346],"presence":[299],"public":[302],"holiday":[303],"during":[304],"week.":[306],"Exploration":[307],"lagged":[310,404,408],"exposure":[312,410],"NOx":[314,360,437,480,490,527],"outcome":[315],"also":[317,461],"undertaken.":[318],"Fixed":[319],"effects":[320],"meta-analysis":[321],"undertaken,":[329],"multiple":[332],"sensitivity":[333],"analyses":[334,492],"using":[335],"different":[336],"methods":[337,606],"removing":[339],"trends,":[340],"co-variates,":[341],"pollutant":[344],"outcomes.\\n\\nThe":[345],"models,":[347],"all":[349,422,497],"except":[350],"station,":[354],"reduction":[358,394],"associated":[361,385],"(unlagged)":[366],"price.":[368],"For":[369],"data":[371],"Khyber":[373],"Pass":[374],"station":[377],"1%":[379],"0.71%":[388],"(95%":[389],"CI":[390],"-3.04":[391],"1.61)":[393],"NOx.":[396],"All":[397],"confidence":[398],"intervals":[399],"included":[400],"null.":[402],"models":[405],"(with":[406],"each":[407],"entered":[411],"into":[412],"separate":[414],"model)":[415],"did":[416,509],"not":[417,510],"show":[418],"consistent":[419],"patterns":[420,430],"however":[425],"had":[428],"(non-significant)":[429],"suggestive":[431],"initial":[434],"drop":[435],"rise,":[441],"followed":[442],"by":[443],"rebound":[445],"increase,":[446],"resulting":[447],"little":[449],"net":[450,580],"change":[451],"over":[452,582],"month":[455],"period":[456,585],"studied.":[457],"pattern":[459],"seen":[462],"meta-analysis,":[465],"although":[466,578],"many":[467,651],"estimates":[470],"remained":[471],"non-significant.":[472],"findings":[474],"association":[481,522,569],"similar,":[483],"but":[484],"attenuated,":[485],"associations.\\n\\nSensitivity":[491],"similar":[494],"associations":[495],"other":[498],"pollutants":[500],"(PM10,":[501],"PM2.5,":[502],"NO2,":[503],"CO).":[505],"Including":[506],"meteorological":[507],"co-variates":[508],"consistently":[511],"alter":[512],"direction":[514],"statistical":[516],"significance":[517],"association.":[520],"between":[523,570],"sensitive":[529],"method":[532],"amount":[534],"de-trending":[536,596],"model.":[540],"\\n\\nThe":[541],"existing":[542],"body":[543],"real-world":[545],"decarbonising":[552],"is":[556],"limited.":[557],"provided":[560],"existence":[565],"changes":[573],"pollutants,":[577],"time":[584],"studied":[586],"probably":[588],"neutral.":[589],"There":[590,604],"issues":[592],"power,":[595],"techniques":[597],"construct":[599],"results.":[603],"are":[605],"improve":[608],"breadth":[610],"area":[617,626],"decarbonisation":[619],"co-benefits.":[620],"However,":[621],"complexity":[623],"need":[629],"act":[631],"quickly":[632],"reduce":[634],"means":[636],"there":[638],"ongoing":[641],"uncertainty":[642],"about":[643],"both":[644],"impacts":[649],"policies.":[652]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}