{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2397598052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","title":"Were Obedience Pressures A Factor in the Holocaust?","display_name":"Were Obedience Pressures A Factor in the Holocaust?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2397598052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","mag":"2397598052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/auk-1998-0104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/auk-1998-0104/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764409345","display_name":"Analyse & Kritik","issn_l":"0171-5860","issn":["0171-5860","2365-9858"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analyse &amp; Kritik","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/auk-1998-0104/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071341094","display_name":"Allan Fenigstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allan Fenigstein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071341094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41958243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"54","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12645","display_name":"European history and politics","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holocaust-perpetrators","display_name":"Holocaust perpetrators","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milgram-obedience-experiments","display_name":"Milgram obedience experiments","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obedience-to-authority","display_name":"obedience to authority","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-perpetrators","display_name":"Nazi perpetrators","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-distress","display_name":"moral distress","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remorse","display_name":"remorse","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57042500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191474","display_name":"Milgram experiment","level":3,"score":0.9638190269470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110361221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763","display_name":"The Holocaust","level":2,"score":0.9269331693649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179958297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456974","display_name":"Obedience","level":2,"score":0.9176248908042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778052017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490149","display_name":"Remorse","level":2,"score":0.6067665219306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6041161417961121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5197781920433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4948884844779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4364285171031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4053795337677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.3571932315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3492920994758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.28148412704467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2617158591747284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.175083190202713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/auk-1998-0104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/auk-1998-0104/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764409345","display_name":"Analyse & Kritik","issn_l":"0171-5860","issn":["0171-5860","2365-9858"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analyse &amp; Kritik","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/auk-1998-0104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1998-0104","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/auk-1998-0104/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764409345","display_name":"Analyse & Kritik","issn_l":"0171-5860","issn":["0171-5860","2365-9858"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analyse &amp; Kritik","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2397598052.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2397598052.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14184442","https://openalex.org/W1536734424","https://openalex.org/W1740101751","https://openalex.org/W1968028000","https://openalex.org/W1972697583","https://openalex.org/W1983142288","https://openalex.org/W1987517726","https://openalex.org/W2169477726","https://openalex.org/W2315845925","https://openalex.org/W2323494234","https://openalex.org/W2800241526","https://openalex.org/W4232690716","https://openalex.org/W4367315167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2278221875","https://openalex.org/W2498434170","https://openalex.org/W2396807890","https://openalex.org/W2398022630","https://openalex.org/W4412779914","https://openalex.org/W1562152071","https://openalex.org/W2176492474","https://openalex.org/W2563270556","https://openalex.org/W2363186876","https://openalex.org/W2501986536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,11,17,20,39,53,67,80,95,114],"scholars":[4],"have":[5],"suggested":[6],"that":[7,28,118],"Milgram\u2019s":[8,44,81],"laboratory":[9],"studies":[10],"obedience":[12,86],"offer":[13],"an":[14],"incisive":[15],"analysis":[16],"the":[18,21,33,51,56,65,75,78,92,96,106,115,126],"behavior":[19],"Holocaust":[22],"perpetrators.":[23],"The":[24,30],"present":[25],"paper":[26],"rejects":[27],"position.":[29],"contrasts":[31],"between":[32],"two":[34],"events,":[35],"at":[36],"every":[37],"level":[38],"analysis,":[40],"are":[41],"striking:":[42],"In":[43],"research,":[45],"innocent":[46],"peers":[47],"were":[48,62],"harmed":[49],"in":[50,55,64,91,125],"context":[52,66],"science;":[54],"Holocaust,":[57],"rabidly":[58],"hated,":[59],"subhuman":[60],"enemies":[61],"murdered":[63],"\u2018war\u2019.":[68],"With":[69],"regard":[70],"to":[71,123],"underlying":[72],"psychological":[73],"mechanisms,":[74],"evidence":[76],"questioning":[77],"relevance":[79],"research":[82],"is":[83],"equally":[84],"compelling:":[85],"pressures":[87],"had":[88],"little":[89],"role":[90],"Holocaust.":[93],"Most":[94],"Nazi":[97],"perpetrators":[98],"showed":[99],"no":[100],"remorse":[101],"or":[102],"moral":[103],"distress":[104],"over":[105],"murders":[107],"and":[108],"perhaps":[109],"most":[110],"critically,":[111],"virtually":[112],"all":[113],"killers":[116],"knew":[117],"they":[119],"could":[120],"choose":[121],"not":[122],"participate":[124],"killings.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
