{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2396888528","doi":null,"title":"How to Use SNARKs in Universally Composable Protocols.","display_name":"How to Use SNARKs in Universally Composable Protocols.","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2396888528","mag":"2396888528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.738.7492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.738.7492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1093.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047499714","display_name":"Ahmed E. Kosba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed E. Kosba","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074864660","display_name":"Zhichao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-4496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-4496"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi-Chao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-4496","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005295367","display_name":"Andrew E. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-2359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-2359"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-2359","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527013","display_name":"Yi Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-916X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-916X","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9380-7899"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018708584","display_name":"T-H. Hubert Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-235X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-235X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T-H. Hubert Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056111614","display_name":"Charalampos Papamanthou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-9403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-9403"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charalampos Papamanthou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-9403","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081609749","display_name":"Rafael Pass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-5690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-5690"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Pass","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-5690","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001754506","display_name":"Abhi A. Shelat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5362-469X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5362-469X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhi Shelat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089202539","display_name":"Elaine Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1048"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaine Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1048","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92171125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":null,"first_page":"1093","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snarks","display_name":"snarks","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-interactive-zero-knowledge-proofs","display_name":"non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-composability","display_name":"universal composability","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic-circuits","display_name":"arithmetic circuits","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"encryption","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commitment","display_name":"commitment","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-comparison","display_name":"performance comparison","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8126988410949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6610902547836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.6183177828788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5719529390335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5618569850921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5395817160606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5154834389686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.49273255467414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4891100525856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4830949306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47324615716934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4399649500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3315391540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28471195697784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14261823892593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09957897663116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.738.7492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.738.7492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1093.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2396888528","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1093.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W80562455","https://openalex.org/W259957856","https://openalex.org/W1424543055","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W1532874975","https://openalex.org/W1548963432","https://openalex.org/W1553083934","https://openalex.org/W1562226375","https://openalex.org/W1563556756","https://openalex.org/W1590713339","https://openalex.org/W1597678101","https://openalex.org/W1601458649","https://openalex.org/W1761303171","https://openalex.org/W1781402236","https://openalex.org/W1829921177","https://openalex.org/W1930567086","https://openalex.org/W1971029566","https://openalex.org/W1976646754","https://openalex.org/W2018746447","https://openalex.org/W2027471022","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2067047774","https://openalex.org/W2079913403","https://openalex.org/W2081225688","https://openalex.org/W2090853363","https://openalex.org/W2098843110","https://openalex.org/W2100818808","https://openalex.org/W2106970188","https://openalex.org/W2109116994","https://openalex.org/W2113085788","https://openalex.org/W2123314859","https://openalex.org/W2137664544","https://openalex.org/W2159339434","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2171337840","https://openalex.org/W2182494219","https://openalex.org/W2188776605","https://openalex.org/W2400329567","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2529173666","https://openalex.org/W2535475903","https://openalex.org/W2616239328","https://openalex.org/W3028607946","https://openalex.org/W3029270458","https://openalex.org/W3030624396","https://openalex.org/W7098662625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404901221","https://openalex.org/W4365807461","https://openalex.org/W4410178067","https://openalex.org/W4402674317","https://openalex.org/W7076053171","https://openalex.org/W2948021536","https://openalex.org/W4412225976","https://openalex.org/W4220748900","https://openalex.org/W3028765522","https://openalex.org/W7095853425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"past":[1],"several":[2,91,151],"years":[3],"have":[4],"seen":[5],"tremendous":[6],"advances":[7],"in":[8,36,57,138,172],"practical,":[9],"general-purpose,":[10],"non-interactive":[11],"proof":[12,124],"systems":[13],"called":[14],"SNARKs.":[15],"These":[16],"building":[17],"blocks":[18],"are":[19,60,129],"efficient":[20],"and":[21,102,131,155,161],"convenient,":[22],"with":[23,65,77,100],"multiple":[24],"publicly":[25],"available":[26],"implementations,":[27,154],"including":[28],"tools":[29],"to":[30,38,53,81,93],"compile":[31],"high-level":[32],"code":[33],"(e.g.,":[34],"written":[35],"C)":[37],"arithmetic":[39,142],"circuits,":[40],"the":[41,70,109,122],"native":[42],"representation":[43],"used":[44],"by":[45],"SNARK":[46,71,123],"construc-tions.":[47],"However,":[48],"while":[49],"we":[50],"would":[51],"like":[52],"use":[54,83,171],"these":[55],"primitives":[56],"UC-secure":[58,97],"protocols\u2014which":[59],"provably-secure":[61],"even":[62],"when":[63],"composed":[64],"other":[66,162,173],"arbitrary":[67],"concurrently-executing":[68],"protocols\u2014":[69],"definition":[72],"is":[73,112,165],"not":[74,140],"directly":[75],"compatible":[76],"this":[78],"framework,":[79],"due":[80],"its":[82],"of":[84,167],"non":[85],"black-box":[86],"knowledge":[87],"extraction.":[88],"We":[89,144],"show":[90],"constructions":[92,115,128],"transform":[94],"SNARKs":[95],"into":[96,121],"NIZKs,":[98],"along":[99],"benchmarks":[101],"an":[103],"end-to-end":[104],"application":[105],"example":[106],"showing":[107],"that":[108],"added":[110],"overhead":[111],"tolerable.":[113],"Our":[114],"rely":[116],"on":[117,135],"embedding":[118],"cryptographic":[119,127],"algorithms":[120],"sys-tem.":[125],"Ordinarily,":[126],"chosen":[130],"tuned":[132],"for":[133,158,170],"implementation":[134],"CPUs":[136],"or":[137],"hardware,":[139],"as":[141],"circuits.":[143],"therefore":[145],"also":[146,166],"explore":[147],"SNARK-friendly":[148],"cryptog-raphy,":[149],"describing":[150],"protocol":[152],"parameterizations,":[153],"performance":[156],"com-parisons":[157],"encryption,":[159],"commitments,":[160],"tasks.":[163],"This":[164],"independent":[168],"interest":[169],"SNARK-based":[174],"applications.":[175],"1":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}