{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2396533648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","title":"Building a Personalized, Auto-Calibrating Eye Tracker from User Interactions","display_name":"Building a Personalized, Auto-Calibrating Eye Tracker from User Interactions","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2396533648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","mag":"2396533648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2858036.2858404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059880425","display_name":"Michael Xuelin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5695-2869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5695-2869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Xuelin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043922248","display_name":"Tiffany C.K. Kwok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-4847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-4847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany C.K. Kwok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051682329","display_name":"Grace Ngai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-168X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-168X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grace Ngai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064619021","display_name":"Stephen C.F. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-1074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-1074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen C.F. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081054998","display_name":"Hong Va Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Va Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9342,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98314703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5169","last_page":"5179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze-estimation","display_name":"gaze estimation","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-calibration","display_name":"automatic calibration","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/webcam-based-eye-tracking","display_name":"webcam-based eye tracking","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-analysis","display_name":"facial analysis","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobtrusive-data-collection","display_name":"unobtrusive data collection","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-preferences","display_name":"user preferences","score":0.4690000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8110100030899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.750321626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6508912444114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.636982262134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.554031252861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5339431166648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.533011257648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48827075958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.47421005368232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46155452728271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.451088011264801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2858036.2858404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/74079","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/74079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"OWS Postgraduate Conference, Poster & Presentation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/64378","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/64378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/81990","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/81990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488198768","https://openalex.org/W1510835000","https://openalex.org/W1519033008","https://openalex.org/W1978401434","https://openalex.org/W2004128235","https://openalex.org/W2026551391","https://openalex.org/W2034382626","https://openalex.org/W2048498434","https://openalex.org/W2052575499","https://openalex.org/W2053946567","https://openalex.org/W2073171099","https://openalex.org/W2087862817","https://openalex.org/W2090965804","https://openalex.org/W2103150354","https://openalex.org/W2105899846","https://openalex.org/W2106817091","https://openalex.org/W2112547031","https://openalex.org/W2112731937","https://openalex.org/W2120889650","https://openalex.org/W2137697010","https://openalex.org/W2139196511","https://openalex.org/W2150137742","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2160951686","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2186518338","https://openalex.org/W2483249389","https://openalex.org/W2544981553","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6629144301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794257028","https://openalex.org/W2004128235","https://openalex.org/W2023287188","https://openalex.org/W3040271722","https://openalex.org/W7070590623","https://openalex.org/W1974394609","https://openalex.org/W2069031758","https://openalex.org/W7099469686","https://openalex.org/W4398216800","https://openalex.org/W1982794901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"PACE,":[2],"a":[3,39,47,143],"Personalized,":[4],"Automatically":[5],"Calibrating":[6],"Eye-tracking":[7],"system":[8,65],"that":[9,96,115,150],"identifies":[10],"and":[11,46,78,81,87,100,185],"collects":[12],"data":[13,36,49,122,188],"unobtrusively":[14],"from":[15,57],"user":[16,85],"interaction":[17,59,79,112],"events":[18],"on":[19,31,38,68,107,142],"standard":[20],"computing":[21],"systems":[22],"without":[23,167],"the":[24,64,73,120,151,168,177,181,186],"need":[25,169],"for":[26,170],"specialized":[27],"equipment.":[28],"PACE":[29,121,152],"relies":[30],"eye/facial":[32],"analysis":[33],"of":[34,41,63,72,146,159,179],"webcam":[35],"based":[37],"set":[40,145],"robust":[42],"geometric":[43],"gaze":[44,76,126,153,182],"features":[45],"two-layer":[48],"validation":[50],"mechanism":[51],"to":[52,164],"identify":[53],"good":[54],"training":[55,116,172],"samples":[56],"daily":[58],"data.":[60],"The":[61,89],"design":[62],"is":[66,91,162],"founded":[67],"an":[69,92,156],"in-depth":[70],"investigation":[71],"relationship":[74],"between":[75],"patterns":[77],"cues,":[80],"takes":[82],"into":[83],"consideration":[84],"preferences":[86],"habits.":[88],"result":[90],"adaptive,":[93],"data-driven":[94],"approach":[95],"continuously":[97],"recalibrates,":[98],"adapts":[99],"improves":[101],"with":[102],"additional":[103],"use.":[104],"Quantitative":[105],"evaluation":[106],"31":[108],"subjects":[109],"across":[110],"different":[111],"behaviors":[113],"shows":[114],"instances":[117],"identified":[118,132],"by":[119,133],"collection":[123,189],"have":[124],"higher":[125],"point-interaction":[127],"cue":[128],"consistency":[129],"than":[130],"those":[131],"conventional":[134],"approaches.":[135],"An":[136],"in-situ":[137],"study":[138],"using":[139],"real-life":[140],"tasks":[141],"diverse":[144],"interactive":[147],"applications":[148],"demonstrates":[149,176],"estimation":[154,183],"achieves":[155],"average":[157],"error":[158],"2.56\u00ba,":[160],"which":[161],"comparable":[163],"state-of-the-art,":[165],"but":[166],"explicit":[171],"or":[173],"calibration.":[174],"This":[175],"effectiveness":[178],"both":[180],"method":[184],"corresponding":[187],"mechanism.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}