{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2395876870","doi":null,"title":"In vitro assays for botulinum toxin and antitoxins.","display_name":"In vitro assays for botulinum toxin and antitoxins.","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2395876870","mag":"2395876870","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3792644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:3792644","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3792644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developments in biological standardization","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075614659","display_name":"Clifford C. Shone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Shone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001371012","display_name":"N Appleton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Appleton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050927653","display_name":"P Wilton-Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Wilton-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076398979","display_name":"Peter Hambleton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-8364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-8364"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Hambleton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110004511","display_name":"N Modi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4243-9742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4243-9742"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Modi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S Gatley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Gatley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001543595","display_name":"Jack Melling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Melling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1398,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74415685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":null,"first_page":"141","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12499","display_name":"Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin","display_name":"botulinum toxin","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antitoxin","display_name":"antitoxin","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-botulinum","display_name":"Clostridium botulinum","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elisa","display_name":"ELISA","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibodies","display_name":"monoclonal antibodies","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunoassay","display_name":"immunoassay","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mouse-bioassay","display_name":"mouse bioassay","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-titers","display_name":"antibody titers","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foodborne-illness","display_name":"food poisoning","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety","display_name":"food safety","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-development","display_name":"vaccine development","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-workers","display_name":"laboratory workers","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777010668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131268","display_name":"Clostridium botulinum","level":3,"score":0.8279323577880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651","display_name":"Toxin","level":2,"score":0.7896938323974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780420688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759183","display_name":"Immunoassay","level":3,"score":0.7518165111541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777478456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208413","display_name":"Botulinum toxin","level":2,"score":0.6571657657623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779186577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154865","display_name":"Botulism","level":2,"score":0.5730097889900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104488531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864212","display_name":"Bioassay","level":2,"score":0.532819926738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.4642852544784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45275425910949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.4315219521522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542903549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248","display_name":"Monoclonal antibody","level":3,"score":0.42175137996673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3665875196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.33657145500183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.23208996653556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.08986914157867432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000826","descriptor_name":"Animal Testing Alternatives","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000911","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Monoclonal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001904","descriptor_name":"Botulinum Antitoxin","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001905","descriptor_name":"Botulinum Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005516","descriptor_name":"Food Microbiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008460","descriptor_name":"Meat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012474","descriptor_name":"Salmon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:3792644","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3792644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developments in biological standardization","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2395876870","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3792644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W133203605","https://openalex.org/W2110007164","https://openalex.org/W1994498437","https://openalex.org/W1506637533","https://openalex.org/W2090401609","https://openalex.org/W2022577215","https://openalex.org/W2474581657","https://openalex.org/W4233145502","https://openalex.org/W2154495521","https://openalex.org/W2150590533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clostridium":[0],"botulinum":[1,58,84,137,148],"produces":[2],"several":[3],"powerful":[4],"neuroparalytic":[5],"toxins":[6,59,153],"which,":[7],"although":[8],"rare":[9],"in":[10,113,123,154,175],"food-poisoning":[11],"instances,":[12],"are":[13,49],"generally":[14],"fatal.":[15],"A":[16,86,139,150,177],"considerable":[17],"amount":[18],"of":[19,57,66,94,111,134],"effort":[20],"has":[21,80,102,142],"therefore":[22],"been":[23,81,103,129],"made":[24],"by":[25,42,162,170,190],"the":[26,55,62,95,109,118,132,171,184,191],"food":[27,32],"industry":[28],"to":[29,36,69,92,105,108,136,147],"ensure":[30],"that":[31,93,144],"treatment":[33],"processes":[34],"adequate":[35],"prevent":[37],"growth":[38],"and":[39,47,60,64,115,151],"toxin":[40,87,112,172],"production":[41],"Cl.":[43],"botulinum.":[44],"Laboratory":[45],"mice":[46],"guinea-pigs":[48],"presently":[50],"used":[51,68,120],"extensively":[52],"both":[53],"for":[54,61,83,131],"assay":[56],"development":[63],"assessment":[65],"vaccines":[67],"protect":[70],"laboratory":[71],"workers.":[72],"An":[73],"amplified":[74],"ELISA,":[75,163],"using":[76],"a":[77,89],"monoclonal":[78],"antibody,":[79],"developed":[82,130],"type":[85],"with":[88,167],"sensitivity":[90],"similar":[91],"mouse":[96,121],"acute":[97],"toxicity":[98],"test.":[99],"The":[100],"immunoassay":[101],"found":[104],"be":[106,188],"applicable":[107],"detection":[110,133],"foodstuffs":[114],"could":[116],"replace":[117],"currently":[119],"bioassay":[122],"many":[124],"laboratories.":[125],"Immunoassays":[126],"have":[127],"also":[128],"antibodies":[135],"toxins.":[138],"preliminary":[140],"study":[141,180],"shown":[143],"antibody":[145],"titres":[146],"types":[149],"B":[152],"sera":[155],"taken":[156],"from":[157],"immunised":[158],"personnel,":[159],"as":[160],"measured":[161,169],"showed":[164],"limited":[165],"correlation":[166],"those":[168],"neutralisation":[173],"test":[174,186],"mice.":[176],"more":[178],"extensive":[179],"should":[181],"determine":[182],"whether":[183],"latter":[185],"can":[187],"replaced":[189],"ELISA.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}