{"id":"https://openalex.org/W23934153","doi":null,"title":"Borderline Failure: National Guard on the Mexican Border, 1916-1917","display_name":"Borderline Failure: National Guard on the Mexican Border, 1916-1917","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W23934153","mag":"23934153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org:p4013coll3/2723","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p4013coll3,2723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401832","display_name":"Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library (CARL) Digital Library (US Army Combined Arms Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1339579626","host_organization_name":"Online Computer Library Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339579626"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Textual"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031000945","display_name":"Brent A. Orr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-4728","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-4728"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brent A Orr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031000945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00634317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.7705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.7705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.13490000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-border-war","display_name":"Mexican Border War","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-guard","display_name":"National Guard","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/woodrow-wilson","display_name":"Woodrow Wilson","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-j-pershing","display_name":"John J. Pershing","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punitive-expeditions","display_name":"punitive expeditions","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-revolution","display_name":"Mexican Revolution","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-mobilization","display_name":"military mobilization","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-mexico-relations","display_name":"Mexico\u2013United States relations","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994199306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3336883","display_name":"National guard","level":2,"score":0.6296643018722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.6268324851989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.605109453201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.4775622487068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4741334915161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4680853486061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776765990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454","display_name":"Peacetime","level":2,"score":0.46340203285217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156708679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242412","display_name":"Mobilization","level":2,"score":0.45260539650917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.4308817684650421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.4307325780391693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.4295450448989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.36174869537353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3351094126701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1939122974872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11764603853225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org:p4013coll3/2723","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p4013coll3,2723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401832","display_name":"Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library (CARL) Digital Library (US Army Combined Arms Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1339579626","host_organization_name":"Online Computer Library Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339579626"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Textual"},{"id":"mag:23934153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a544866.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G869047677","display_name":"Infrastructure Fran\u00e7aise pour la Biologie Structurale Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e","funder_award_id":"ANR-10-INBS-0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W326085587","https://openalex.org/W288008082","https://openalex.org/W2610559921","https://openalex.org/W319458632","https://openalex.org/W1663203155","https://openalex.org/W2618409019","https://openalex.org/W1480662933","https://openalex.org/W241681903","https://openalex.org/W3122031544","https://openalex.org/W307675091","https://openalex.org/W39193149","https://openalex.org/W266288419","https://openalex.org/W1798151084","https://openalex.org/W234109970","https://openalex.org/W348259923","https://openalex.org/W106632283","https://openalex.org/W144728369","https://openalex.org/W2126236176","https://openalex.org/W10929138","https://openalex.org/W75635412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"President":[1,166],"Woodrow":[2],"Wilson":[3,269],"ordered":[4],"approximately":[5],"150,000":[6,143],"National":[7,80,141,180],"Guardsmen":[8],"to":[9,59,83,96,108,146,160,191,201,213,251],"the":[10,15,20,33,37,46,53,60,79,85,103,109,134,140,147,156,172,179,197,208,242,247,252,257,260],"southern":[11],"border":[12,253],"in":[13,51,100,130],"1916,":[14,246],"United":[16,110],"States":[17],"was":[18,64,124,263,272],"on":[19,105,115,196],"verge":[21],"of":[22,32,40,102,139,158,171,245,259],"all-out":[23,215],"war":[24,218],"with":[25],"Mexico.":[26],"The":[27,122,149],"rapid":[28,38],"mobilization":[29],"and":[30,48,56,78,94,136,169,210,235,255],"deployment":[31,145],"Guard":[34,81,181],"forces":[35],"broke":[36],"escalation":[39],"violence,":[41],"averted":[42],"immediate":[43],"war,":[44],"changed":[45,256],"environment,":[47],"were":[49],"instrumental":[50],"shifting":[52],"initiative,":[54],"tactically":[55],"diplomatically,":[57],"back":[58],"Americans.":[61],"Although":[62],"there":[63],"no":[65],"decisive":[66,266],"victory":[67,267],"by":[68],"General":[69],"John":[70],"J.":[71],"Pershing's":[72],"punitive":[73],"expedition":[74],"deep":[75],"inside":[76],"Mexico":[77],"struggled":[82],"meet":[84],"War":[86],"Department's":[87],"division-level":[88],"collective":[89],"readiness":[90],"expectations,":[91],"their":[92,238],"ability":[93],"commitment":[95],"mobilizing":[97],"quickly":[98,254],"resulted":[99],"termination":[101,157],"conflict":[104],"terms":[106],"favorable":[107],"States.":[111],"While":[112],"reviewing":[113],"literature":[114],"this":[116,204],"topic,":[117],"two":[118],"common":[119],"themes":[120],"emerged.":[121],"first":[123],"that":[125,152,161],"few":[126,153],"writers":[127,154],"have":[128],"written,":[129],"any":[131],"depth,":[132],"regarding":[133],"operational":[135],"strategic":[137],"impact":[138],"Guard's":[142],"soldier":[144],"border.":[148],"second":[150],"is":[151],"attribute":[155],"hostilities":[159],"deployment.":[162],"This":[163],"paper":[164],"reviews":[165],"Wilson's":[167],"actions":[168],"misunderstanding":[170],"problem.":[173],"It":[174,262],"also":[175],"briefly":[176],"describes":[177],"how":[178,203],"(organized":[182],"militia)":[183],"evolved":[184],"very":[185],"quickly.":[186],"And":[187],"finally":[188],"it":[189,271],"attempts":[190],"cast":[192],"a":[193,265],"different":[194],"light":[195],"Pershing":[198],"Punitive":[199],"Expedition":[200],"illustrate":[202],"action":[205],"inadvertently":[206],"incriminated":[207],"environment":[209],"escalated":[211],"tensions":[212],"near":[214],"war.":[216],"Amidst":[217],"plans":[219],"which":[220],"lacked":[221],"substance":[222],"for":[223],"mass":[224],"mobilization,":[225],"an":[226],"extremely":[227],"short":[228],"time-line,":[229],"toxic":[230],"rhetoric":[231],"from":[232],"preparedness-movement":[233],"advocates,":[234],"confusion":[236],"about":[237],"new":[239],"role":[240],"under":[241],"Defense":[243],"Act":[244],"citizen":[248],"soldiers":[249],"got":[250],"dynamics":[258],"environment.":[261],"not":[264],"but":[268],"understood":[270],"good":[273],"enough.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
