{"id":"https://openalex.org/W239309922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","title":"Was the War on Iraq Illegal? \u2013 The German Federal Administrative Court's Judgement of 21st June 2005","display_name":"Was the War on Iraq Illegal? \u2013 The German Federal Administrative Court's Judgement of 21st June 2005","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W239309922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","mag":"239309922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s2071832200004387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C4885FA88150B32B0BDD2E8C0E1855A/S2071832200004387a.pdf/div-class-title-was-the-war-on-iraq-illegal-the-german-federal-administrative-court-s-judgement-of-21st-june-2005-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117224066","display_name":"German Law Journal","issn_l":"2071-8322","issn":["2071-8322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"German Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C4885FA88150B32B0BDD2E8C0E1855A/S2071832200004387a.pdf/div-class-title-was-the-war-on-iraq-illegal-the-german-federal-administrative-court-s-judgement-of-21st-june-2005-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033125884","display_name":"Nikolaus D. Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-4904","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-4904"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190134885","display_name":"Helmut Schmidt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04e8jbs38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190134885"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaus Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cologne , Germany","former Research Fellow at the Helmut-Schmidt-University - University of the Federal Armed Forces , Institute for Public and Public International Law (Prof. Dr. Gerhard Zimmer) , Hamburg , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cologne , Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"former Research Fellow at the Helmut-Schmidt-University - University of the Federal Armed Forces , Institute for Public and Public International Law (Prof. Dr. Gerhard Zimmer) , Hamburg , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190134885"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033125884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190134885"],"apc_list":{"value":2660,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2660},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95714195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq-war","display_name":"Iraq War","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legality-of-war","display_name":"legality of war","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bundesverwaltungsgericht","display_name":"Bundesverwaltungsgericht","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-law","display_name":"international law","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom-of-conscience","display_name":"freedom of conscience","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-law","display_name":"military law","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.7961207032203674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.7554555535316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12621536","display_name":"Judgement","level":2,"score":0.743593156337738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778645526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32766","display_name":"Constitutional court","level":3,"score":0.7070012092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.6677722930908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6403411626815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777262023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641572","display_name":"Administrative court","level":2,"score":0.6003313660621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.5279086232185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991735444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001084","display_name":"Federal court","level":3,"score":0.47241416573524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777804265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138203","display_name":"Ultra vires","level":3,"score":0.45040565729141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.22972384095191956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1696244776248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.12407901883125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s2071832200004387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C4885FA88150B32B0BDD2E8C0E1855A/S2071832200004387a.pdf/div-class-title-was-the-war-on-iraq-illegal-the-german-federal-administrative-court-s-judgement-of-21st-june-2005-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117224066","display_name":"German Law Journal","issn_l":"2071-8322","issn":["2071-8322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"German Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s2071832200004387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004387","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C4885FA88150B32B0BDD2E8C0E1855A/S2071832200004387a.pdf/div-class-title-was-the-war-on-iraq-illegal-the-german-federal-administrative-court-s-judgement-of-21st-june-2005-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117224066","display_name":"German Law Journal","issn_l":"2071-8322","issn":["2071-8322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"German Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W239309922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W239309922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620193221","https://openalex.org/W2746469393","https://openalex.org/W2951864816","https://openalex.org/W4241128890","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W172269472","https://openalex.org/W74672431","https://openalex.org/W7100003975","https://openalex.org/W2335579442","https://openalex.org/W2770376107","https://openalex.org/W2614330606","https://openalex.org/W7048066217","https://openalex.org/W3042578450","https://openalex.org/W4254284617","https://openalex.org/W7116597109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"US/UK-led":[1],"war":[2,63],"against":[3],"Iraq,":[4],"and":[5],"Germany's":[6],"contribution":[7],"to":[8,98,112],"this":[9],"war,":[10],"met":[11],"withgravierenden":[12],"v\u00f6lkerrechtlichen":[13],"Bedenken(grave":[14],"concerns":[15],"in":[16,43],"terms":[17],"of":[18,27,61,69,81,102,108,114],"international":[19],"law),":[20],"as":[21],"evidenced":[22],"by":[23,66],"the":[24,52,56,59,62,72,79,100,106],"extensive":[25],"judgement":[26],"theBundesverwaltungsgericht(BVerwG":[28],"\u2013":[29],"German":[30],"Federal":[31],"Administrative":[32],"Court)":[33],"from":[34],"21":[35],"June":[36],"2005.":[37],"This":[38],"is":[39,55],"a":[40,67,75,103],"landmark":[41],"decision":[42],"at":[44],"least":[45],"two":[46],"respects.":[47],"First,":[48],"it":[49,85],"appears":[50],"that":[51],"BVerwG's":[53],"opinion":[54],"first":[57],"on":[58,64,105],"legality":[60],"Iraq":[65],"court":[68],"law.":[70],"Second,":[71],"Court":[73],"took":[74],"broad":[76],"view":[77],"regarding":[78],"question":[80],"law":[82],"with":[83],"which":[84],"had":[86],"been":[87],"presented:":[88],"under":[89],"what":[90],"circumstances":[91],"may":[92],"an":[93],"army":[94],"officer":[95],"lawfully":[96],"refuse":[97],"follow":[99],"order":[101],"superior":[104],"grounds":[107],"his":[109],"constitutional":[110],"right":[111],"freedom":[113],"conscience?":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-04T09:36:47.201465","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
