{"id":"https://openalex.org/W239226928","doi":null,"title":"Authoritarianism and Fear of Deviance","display_name":"Authoritarianism and Fear of Deviance","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W239226928","mag":"239226928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:239226928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.smsu.edu/facultystaff/jamesbutler/rwa.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008586231","display_name":"J. Corey Butler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-5407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-5407"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Corey Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-5407","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008586231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87267878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12521","display_name":"Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarianism","display_name":"authoritarianism","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear","display_name":"fear","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deviant-behavior","display_name":"deviance","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarian-personality","display_name":"authoritarian personality","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prejudice","display_name":"prejudice","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-wing-ideology","display_name":"right-wing ideology","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obedience-to-authority","display_name":"obedience to authority","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggression","display_name":"aggression","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-prejudice","display_name":"racial prejudice","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-authority","display_name":"fear of authority","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.7808270454406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6982372403144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.652048647403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107062074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109701697","display_name":"Prejudice (legal term)","level":2,"score":0.5658953189849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177599991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3706279","display_name":"Deviance (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5447550415992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.43918049335479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.4355866312980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776130218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551065","display_name":"Social dominance orientation","level":5,"score":0.43063926696777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2729863","display_name":"Hostility","level":2,"score":0.4156271517276764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.393659770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.36973679065704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2034309208393097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18400797247886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.16057801246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:239226928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.smsu.edu/facultystaff/jamesbutler/rwa.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560152259","https://openalex.org/W565121618","https://openalex.org/W1494948774","https://openalex.org/W1575023497","https://openalex.org/W1673787537","https://openalex.org/W1934425758","https://openalex.org/W1968286727","https://openalex.org/W1993583112","https://openalex.org/W2001717881","https://openalex.org/W2005141084","https://openalex.org/W2017832237","https://openalex.org/W2023653151","https://openalex.org/W2025279085","https://openalex.org/W2037061841","https://openalex.org/W2041554219","https://openalex.org/W2045565604","https://openalex.org/W2050580556","https://openalex.org/W2052911329","https://openalex.org/W2063492479","https://openalex.org/W2066064791","https://openalex.org/W2068370029","https://openalex.org/W2092124037","https://openalex.org/W2106674466","https://openalex.org/W2106793144","https://openalex.org/W2150067146","https://openalex.org/W2163984563","https://openalex.org/W2165155944","https://openalex.org/W2321563513","https://openalex.org/W2795656446","https://openalex.org/W2945075079","https://openalex.org/W2981618279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W131743427","https://openalex.org/W2793273492","https://openalex.org/W2000484131","https://openalex.org/W4242834627","https://openalex.org/W242876489","https://openalex.org/W3217036603","https://openalex.org/W4229620428","https://openalex.org/W6999832958","https://openalex.org/W2150067146","https://openalex.org/W2042456381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,3,22,234,521],"publication":[1],"of":[2,35,64,75,81,98,131,147,183,192,195,200,269,313,384,395,417,432,447,454,462,530],"Authoritarian":[4],"Personality,":[5],"by":[6,161,169,318,363],"Adorno,":[7],"Frenkel-Brunswik,":[8],"Levinson,":[9],"and":[10,19,28,40,48,55,101,117,163,180,185,189,207,221,225,240,267,288,303,386,427,465,478,519,532],"Sanford":[11],"(1950),":[12],"was":[13,24],"a":[14,68,95,338,418,424,444,460,506,510,528,554],"landmark":[15],"event":[16],"in":[17,61,89,261,286],"personality":[18,37,134],"social":[20,100,166],"psychology.":[21],"book":[23],"arguably":[25],"the":[26,30,49,62,65,72,76,79,90,128,132,145,181,190,201,265,279,310,355,381,393,414,451,455,457,503,551],"first,":[27],"certainly":[29],"most":[31],"influential,":[32],"systematic":[33],"investigation":[34],"how":[36,112],"shapes":[38],"attitudes":[39,224],"belief":[41],"systems.":[42],"It":[43,343],"proposed":[44,118],"that":[45,271,351,377,397,421,476,514,542,550],"prejudice,":[46,215,238],"ethnocentrism,":[47],"predisposition":[50],"to":[51,108,113,121,127,137,155,165,210,309,354,365,380,400,450,484,548],"accept":[52],"right-wing":[53],"ideology":[54],"fascist":[56],"governments,":[57],"were":[58],"deeply":[59],"rooted":[60],"psychology":[63],"individual.":[66],"After":[67],"long":[69,441],"decline":[70],"during":[71,481],"later":[73,488],"decades":[74],"20th":[77],"Century,":[78],"study":[80],"authoritarianism":[82,140],"has":[83,247,439],"been":[84,248,361,440],"greeted":[85,516],"with":[86,213,281,298,423,429,517],"renewed":[87],"interest":[88],"past":[91],"few":[92],"years.":[93],"Indeed,":[94],"great":[96],"number":[97],"contemporary":[99],"political":[102],"issues,":[103],"such":[104,494],"as":[105,144,330,337,347,443,495,505],"increased":[106],"opposition":[107],"immigration,":[109],"debates":[110],"over":[111],"handle":[114],"suspected":[115,442],"terrorists,":[116],"constitutional":[119],"amendments":[120],"ban":[122],"gay":[123],"marriage":[124],"all":[125],"point":[126],"continued":[129],"relevance":[130],"authoritarian":[133,235],"today.":[135],"According":[136,449],"Altemeyer":[138],"(1996),":[139],"can":[141,344],"be":[142,328,345,401],"defined":[143],"co-variation":[146],"three":[148],"specific":[149,382],"psychological":[150],"tendencies.":[151,257],"These":[152],"include":[153],"submission":[154],"authority,":[156,162],"aggression":[157,241],"toward":[158,177,187],"individuals":[159],"targeted":[160],"adherence":[164],"conventions":[167],"established":[168],"authorities.":[170],"Stated":[171],"another":[172],"way,":[173],"authoritarians":[174,272,501,543],"are":[175,398,544],"submissive":[176],"authority":[178],"figures":[179],"norms":[182],"ingroups,":[184],"aggressive":[186],"deviants":[188],"members":[191],"outgroups.":[193],"Decades":[194],"research":[196,252],"support":[197],"this":[198,499],"interpretation":[199,474],"construct":[202],"(but":[203],"see":[204],"Kreindler,":[205],"2005)":[206],"indicate":[208],"strong":[209],"moderate":[211],"correlations":[212],"racial":[214],"anti-homosexual":[216],"attitudes,":[217],"punitive":[218],"jury":[219],"decisions,":[220],"many":[222],"related":[223,311],"behaviors":[226,383],"(Altemeyer,":[227,536,558],"1996;":[228,559],"Stone,":[229],"Lederer,":[230],"&":[231,564],"Christie,":[232],"1993).":[233],"potential":[236],"for":[237],"hostility,":[239,485],"is":[242,275,284,296,307,352,376,392,413,459,487,515,540,553],"well":[243],"documented,":[244],"yet":[245],"there":[246,539],"considerably":[249],"less":[250],"empirical":[251,534],"on":[253],"their":[254],"other":[255],"emotional":[256,333],"One":[258],"conspicuous":[259],"gap":[260],"our":[262],"knowledge":[263],"concerns":[264],"level":[266],"varieties":[268],"fear":[270,283,295,378,412,477],"experience.":[273],"This":[274,472],"rather":[276,335],"surprising":[277],"considering":[278],"frequency":[280],"which":[282,486],"mentioned":[285],"theories":[287],"discussion":[289],"about":[290],"authoritarianism.":[291],"Like":[292],"any":[293],"emotion,":[294],"associated":[297],"subjective":[299],"experience,":[300],"physiological":[301],"arousal,":[302],"behavioral":[304],"expression.":[305],"Fear":[306,326,438],"similar":[308],"feeling":[312],"anxiety,":[314],"but":[315],"differs":[316],"mainly":[317],"having":[319,360],"an":[320,331,348],"identifiable":[321],"trigger":[322],"or":[323,341,357,403,434],"eliciting":[324],"stimulus.":[325],"should":[327],"viewed":[329],"acute":[332],"reaction,":[334],"than":[336],"generalized":[339],"state":[340],"mood.":[342],"understood":[346],"alarm":[349],"system":[350],"linked":[353],"fight":[356],"flight":[358],"response,":[359],"shaped":[362],"evolution":[364],"protect":[366],"organisms":[367],"from":[368,388,408,526],"environmental":[369],"threats":[370,396],"(Ohman,":[371],"2000).":[372],"Another":[373],"useful":[374],"distinction":[375],"leads":[379],"escape":[385],"avoidance":[387],"threats,":[389],"whereas":[390],"anxiety":[391],"result":[394],"perceived":[399],"uncontrollable":[402],"unavoidable":[404],"(Epstein,":[405],"1972).":[406],"Building":[407],"Plutchik's":[409],"(1980)":[410],"theory,":[411,456,500],"central":[415],"component":[416],"causal":[419],"chain":[420],"begins":[422],"threatening":[425,466,512],"stimulus":[426],"ends":[428],"either":[430],"feelings":[431],"safety,":[433],"perhaps,":[435],"lingering":[436],"anxiety.":[437],"core":[445],"characteristic":[446],"authoritarians.":[448],"original":[452,522],"formulation":[453],"syndrome":[458],"consequence":[461],"overly":[463],"harsh":[464],"parents":[467],"(Adorno":[468],"et":[469],"al.,":[470],"1950).":[471],"psychoanalytic":[473,523],"suggests":[475],"resentment":[479],"repressed":[480],"childhood":[482],"lead":[483],"displaced":[489],"onto":[490],"more":[491,546],"acceptable":[492],"targets,":[493],"minority":[496],"groups.":[497],"By":[498],"view":[502],"world":[504,552],"jungle":[507],"(p.":[508],"411),":[509],"highly":[511],"place":[513,557],"distrust":[518],"suspicion.":[520],"approach":[524],"suffers":[525],"both":[527],"lack":[529],"falsifiability":[531],"insufficient":[533],"confirmation":[535],"1996).":[537],"Nevertheless,":[538],"evidence":[541],"indeed":[545],"likely":[547],"believe":[549],"fearsome,":[555],"dangerous":[556],"Duckitt,":[560,565],"2001;":[561],"Sibley,":[562],"Wilson,":[563],"2007).":[566],"\u2026":[567]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
