{"id":"https://openalex.org/W239094976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","title":"ZPR-3 Assembly 12 : A cylindrical assembly of highly enriched uranium, depleted uranium and graphite with an average {sup 235}U enrichment of 21 atom %.","display_name":"ZPR-3 Assembly 12 : A cylindrical assembly of highly enriched uranium, depleted uranium and graphite with an average {sup 235}U enrichment of 21 atom %.","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W239094976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","mag":"239094976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/991613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Division","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuclear Engineering Division","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079809880","display_name":"R.M. Lell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Lell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Racah Inst. of Physics","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Racah Inst. of Physics","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065154299","display_name":"R.D. McKnight","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R McKnight","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113552008","display_name":"Reuven L. Perel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Perel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111472666","display_name":"J. J. Wagschal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Wagschal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13923","display_name":"Nuclear and radioactivity studies","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11242","display_name":"Nuclear Materials and Properties","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/highly-enriched-uranium","display_name":"highly enriched uranium","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depleted-uranium","display_name":"depleted uranium","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphite-reflector","display_name":"graphite reflector","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality-safety-benchmarks","display_name":"criticality safety benchmarks","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-data-validation","display_name":"nuclear data validation","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-reactor-physics","display_name":"fast reactor physics","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icsbep-benchmarks","display_name":"ICSBEP benchmarks","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fission-cross-sections","display_name":"fission cross sections","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-cross-sections","display_name":"neutron cross sections","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-neutrons","display_name":"fast neutrons","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.8159891366958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78310665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483674","display_name":"Fissile material","level":3,"score":0.7532811164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153454851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473252","display_name":"Enriched uranium","level":3,"score":0.5968186855316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.5619887113571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779698641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309","display_name":"Graphite","level":2,"score":0.5061482787132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555451288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098","display_name":"Uranium","level":2,"score":0.47024551033973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4438704252243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135788738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19577","display_name":"Actinide","level":2,"score":0.43707039952278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7068046","display_name":"Nuclear data","level":3,"score":0.4359922707080841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3288714289665222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.327079713344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.32208502292633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3039047122001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.11934849619865417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/991613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:991613","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/991613","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc1015067","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1015067/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:991613","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/991613","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/991613","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W239094976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W239094976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W326006207","https://openalex.org/W1597559360","https://openalex.org/W2273671749","https://openalex.org/W1543036049","https://openalex.org/W1606405926","https://openalex.org/W2269679737","https://openalex.org/W32652353","https://openalex.org/W1594776578","https://openalex.org/W31112587","https://openalex.org/W2326505099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"a":[1,8,202,240,287,314,369,375,433,443,494,576,585,595,612,616,631,663,674,717],"period":[2],"of":[3,51,73,91,187,205,253,259,320,341,368,384,387,396,405,412,423,442,451,456,464,475,482,611,637,641,658,676,722,728,733,771],"30":[4],"years,":[5],"more":[6,199,440],"than":[7,551],"hundred":[9],"Zero":[10],"Power":[11],"Reactor":[12,294],"(ZPR)":[13],"critical":[14,33,38,77,517,524,643,683],"assemblies":[15,39,53,78,206],"were":[16,30,40,115,126,154,174,359,429,532,542,713],"constructed":[17,41],"at":[18],"Argonne":[19,75],"National":[20],"Laboratory.":[21],"The":[22,36,135,172,338,379,410,426,447,462,490,529,624,736,744],"ZPR":[23,37,92,593,613],"facilities,":[24],"ZPR-3,":[25],"ZPR-6,":[26],"ZPR-9":[27],"and":[28,62,84,98,123,133,276,308,329,350,402,472,510,696,706,731,757],"ZPPR,":[29],"all":[31],"fast":[32,44,119,241],"assembly":[34,265,291,491,594],"facilities.":[35],"to":[42,63,105,117,150,223,431,507,545,572,584,590,630,715,765,775],"support":[43],"reactor":[45,120,242,547],"development,":[46],"but":[47,535],"data":[48,60,122,315],"from":[49,148,178,207,708],"some":[50],"these":[52],"are":[54],"also":[55],"well":[56],"suited":[57],"for":[58,67,109,513,538,563,780],"nuclear":[59],"validation":[61,316],"form":[64],"the":[65,74,88,101,208,260,284,299,330,362,424,460,465,473,476,483,501,508,515,560,628,638,642,652,659,682,703,709,726,740,747,753,758,767,777,781],"basis":[66],"criticality":[68,110,215,224,539,577],"safety":[69,216,225,578],"benchmarks.":[70,86],"A":[71],"number":[72,204],"ZPR/ZPPR":[76],"have":[79,220],"been":[80,311],"evaluated":[81],"as":[82,127,129,164,190,228,239,286,313,498,500,559,575,620],"ICSBEP":[83],"IRPhEP":[85],"Of":[87],"three":[89],"classes":[90,211],"assemblies,":[93],"engineering":[94,96],"mockups,":[95],"benchmarks":[97,114,217],"physics":[99,113,121,243,548],"benchmarks,":[100],"last":[102],"group":[103],"tends":[104],"be":[106,439,573],"most":[107],"useful":[108,214],"safety.":[111],"Because":[112],"designed":[116,238],"test":[118],"methods,":[124],"they":[125,219],"simple":[128,737],"possible":[130],"in":[131,263,298,325,335,420,479,606,667,687,746],"geometry":[132,492],"composition.":[134],"principal":[136],"fissile":[137],"species":[138],"was":[139,237,415,468,485,519,523,557,570,671,685,699,763],"{sup":[140,143,250],"235}U":[141,251],"or":[142,157,169,184,194],"239}Pu.":[144],"Fuel":[145],"enrichments":[146],"ranged":[147],"9%":[149],"95%.":[151],"Often":[152],"there":[153,541],"only":[155,561],"one":[156,183],"two":[158,185,210,385],"main":[159],"core":[160,249,339,380,618],"diluent":[161],"materials,":[162],"such":[163,189,227,619],"aluminum,":[165],"graphite,":[166],"iron,":[167],"sodium":[168],"stainless":[170,195,355,365],"steel.":[171,196],"cores":[173],"reflected":[175],"(and":[176],"insulated":[177],"room":[179],"return":[180],"effects)":[181],"by":[182,230],"layers":[186],"materials":[188],"depleted":[191,347,399,457],"uranium,":[192],"lead":[193],"Despite":[197],"their":[198],"complex":[200],"nature,":[201],"small":[203],"other":[209,550],"would":[212,438],"make":[213,591],"because":[218,540],"features":[221,640],"related":[222],"issues,":[226],"reflection":[229],"soil-like":[231],"material.":[232],"ZPR-3":[233,321],"Assembly":[234,322,331],"12":[235,323,332,452,470],"(ZPR-3/12)":[236],"benchmark":[244,317,579,742,761,782],"experiment":[245],"with":[246],"an":[247,607],"average":[248],"enrichment":[252],"approximately":[254,270,469],"21":[255,486],"at.%.":[256],"Approximately":[257],"68.9%":[258],"total":[261,653],"fissions":[262],"this":[264,564,649],"occur":[266,272],"above":[267],"100":[268,274],"keV,":[269,275],"31.1%":[271],"below":[273,279],"essentially":[277],"none":[278],"0.625":[280],"eV":[281],"-":[282,690],"thus":[283],"classification":[285],"'fast'":[288],"assembly.":[289,318],"This":[290],"is":[292,588,600,665,739],"Fast":[293],"Benchmark":[295,306],"No.":[296],"9":[297,416],"Cross":[300],"Section":[301,668],"Evaluation":[302],"Working":[303],"Group":[304],"(CSEWG)":[305],"Specifications":[307],"has":[309],"historically":[310],"used":[312,714,764],"Loading":[319],"began":[324],"late":[326],"Jan.":[327],"1958,":[328],"program":[333],"ended":[334],"Feb.":[336,526],"1958.":[337,528],"consisted":[340,383,450],"highly":[342],"enriched":[343],"uranium":[344,348,400,458],"(HEU)":[345],"plates,":[346,393],"plates":[349,352,401,428],"graphite":[351,408,427],"loaded":[353],"into":[354,361],"steel":[356,366],"drawers":[357],"which":[358,522],"inserted":[360],"central":[363],"square":[364,502],"tubes":[367,504],"31":[370,372],"x":[371],"matrix":[373,484,503,694],"on":[374,525],"split":[376],"table":[377],"machine.":[378],"unit":[381],"cell":[382],"columns":[386,395,404],"0.125":[388,397,406],"in.-wide":[389,398,407],"(3.175":[390],"mm)":[391,419,455],"HEU":[392],"seven":[394,403],"plates.":[409],"length":[411,474],"each":[413,421,480,729,734],"column":[414],"in.":[417,453,471,487],"(228.6":[418],"half":[422,481],"core.":[425,461],"included":[430],"produce":[432],"softer":[434],"neutron":[435],"spectrum":[436],"that":[437,657,724],"characteristic":[441],"large":[444],"power":[445],"reactor.":[446],"axial":[448],"blanket":[449,467,478],"(304.8":[454],"behind":[459],"thickness":[463],"radial":[466,477],"(533.4":[488],"mm).":[489],"approximated":[493],"right":[495],"circular":[496],"cylinder":[497],"closely":[499],"allowed.":[505],"According":[506],"logbook":[509],"loading":[511,520,555,622,773],"records":[512],"ZPR-3/12,":[514],"reference":[516],"configuration":[518,562,684],"10":[521,556,774],"5,":[527],"subsequent":[530],"loadings":[531],"very":[533],"similar":[534],"less":[536],"clean":[537,617],"modifications":[543],"made":[544],"accommodate":[546],"measurements":[549],"criticality.":[552],"Accordingly,":[553],"ZPR-3/12":[554,621,723,772],"selected":[558],"benchmark.":[565,598],"As":[566],"documented":[567],"below,":[568],"it":[569,646],"determined":[571],"acceptable":[574],"experiment.":[580,644,661],"An":[581],"accurate":[582],"transformation":[583,625,664],"simplified":[586],"model":[587,610,712,721,738,756,762],"needed":[589],"any":[592,636],"practical":[596,632],"criticality-safety":[597,741],"There":[599],"simply":[601],"too":[602],"much":[603],"geometric":[604],"detail":[605,629,689],"exact":[608],"(as-built)":[609],"assembly,":[614],"even":[615],"10.":[623],"must":[626,647],"reduce":[627],"level":[633],"without":[634,650],"masking":[635],"important":[639],"And":[645],"do":[648],"increasing":[651],"uncertainty":[654],"far":[655],"beyond":[656],"original":[660],"Such":[662],"described":[666],"3.":[669],"It":[670],"obtained":[672],"using":[673],"pair":[675],"continuous-energy":[677],"Monte":[678],"Carlo":[679],"calculations.":[680],"First,":[681],"modeled":[686,700],"full":[688],"every":[691],"plate,":[692],"drawer,":[693],"tube,":[695],"air":[697],"gap":[698],"explicitly.":[701],"Then":[702],"regionwise":[704],"compositions":[705],"volumes":[707],"detailed":[710],"as-built":[711,754],"construct":[716],"homogeneous,":[718],"two-dimensional":[719],"(RZ)":[720],"conserved":[725],"mass":[727],"nuclide":[730],"volume":[732],"region.":[735],"model.":[743,783],"difference":[745],"calculated":[748],"k{sub":[749,778],"eff}":[750,779],"values":[751],"between":[752],"3-dimensional":[755],"homogeneous":[759],"2-dimensional":[760],"adjust":[766],"measured":[768],"excess":[769],"reactivity":[770],"obtain":[776]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
