{"id":"https://openalex.org/W23703483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","title":"Use of a whole blood assay to monitor the immune response to mycobacterial antigens in leprosy patients: a predictor for type 1 reaction onset?","display_name":"Use of a whole blood assay to monitor the immune response to mycobacterial antigens in leprosy patients: a predictor for type 1 reaction onset?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W23703483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","mag":"23703483","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075009414","display_name":"Rosemary E. Weir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. E. WEIR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK","Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC 1E","THT UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC 1E","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THT UK;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034966044","display_name":"Cynthia Ruth Butlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-5263","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-5263"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133401","display_name":"Anandaban Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkrdj07","country_code":"NP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. R. BUTLIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055522113","display_name":"Kapil Dev Neupane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2553-5937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2553-5937"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133401","display_name":"Anandaban Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkrdj07","country_code":"NP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. D. NEUPANE","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058818435","display_name":"S. S. Failbus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133401","display_name":"Anandaban Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkrdj07","country_code":"NP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. FAILBUS","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Leprosy Mission, Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, PO Box 151, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133401"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089522455","display_name":"Hazel M. Dockrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-9107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-9107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. M. DOCKRELL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC 1E","THT UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC 1E","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THT UK;","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2262,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7988749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"3","first_page":"279","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11934","display_name":"Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leprosy","display_name":"leprosy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-reaction","display_name":"type 1 reaction","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reversal-reaction","display_name":"reversal reaction","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-leprae","display_name":"Mycobacterium leprae","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-blood-assay","display_name":"whole blood assay","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-response","display_name":"T cell response","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymphoproliferation","display_name":"lymphoproliferation","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterial-antigens","display_name":"mycobacterial antigens","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenolic-glycolipid-1","display_name":"PGL-1","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ppd","display_name":"PPD","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-response-variability","display_name":"immune response variability","score":0.37400001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36956","display_name":"Leprosy","level":2,"score":0.7632315754890442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7212236523628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.7078381776809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.6862041354179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779823659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155891","display_name":"Mycobacterium leprae","level":3,"score":0.638983964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.6236398816108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24741149","display_name":"Interferon gamma","level":3,"score":0.4752609133720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1621761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7997549","display_name":"Whole blood","level":2,"score":0.4720733165740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776457596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850839","display_name":"Tuberculoid leprosy","level":4,"score":0.41755279898643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.4112253785133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779846462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6527832","display_name":"Lepromatous leprosy","level":3,"score":0.3734883666038513}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000942","descriptor_name":"Antigens, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007918","descriptor_name":"Leprosy","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007918","descriptor_name":"Leprosy","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009166","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium leprae","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012882","descriptor_name":"Skin Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9805883","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy review","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19980029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W23703483.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W23703483.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10726251","https://openalex.org/W100182953","https://openalex.org/W1519441922","https://openalex.org/W1990720163","https://openalex.org/W2013185591","https://openalex.org/W2013926210","https://openalex.org/W2051225154","https://openalex.org/W2088442096","https://openalex.org/W2122596233","https://openalex.org/W2126751198","https://openalex.org/W2156885832","https://openalex.org/W2161870666","https://openalex.org/W2169344038","https://openalex.org/W2396276946","https://openalex.org/W2410948285","https://openalex.org/W2416314030","https://openalex.org/W2426134376","https://openalex.org/W2461640839","https://openalex.org/W2465139835","https://openalex.org/W6714759956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982844300","https://openalex.org/W2013926210","https://openalex.org/W2212446214","https://openalex.org/W2410595331","https://openalex.org/W7120647728","https://openalex.org/W2187058250","https://openalex.org/W2408518475","https://openalex.org/W6976875282","https://openalex.org/W2075218374","https://openalex.org/W219451408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Longitudinal":[0],"studies":[1,7,52],"are":[2,48,61],"more":[3],"appropriate":[4,49],"than":[5],"cross-sectional":[6],"for":[8,30,50],"investigating":[9],"changes":[10,361],"in":[11,23,36,55,83,91,108,115,119,132,171,175,246,250,260,268,340,352,362],"the":[12,32,54,80,84,143,148,193,261,278,281,304],"immune":[13,329],"response":[14,87,135],"to":[15,78,88,136,214,233,253,301,322,359,365],"Mycobacterium":[16],"leprae":[17,138,367],"during":[18,128,277],"leprosy,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,59,179,372],"occur":[22],"type":[24,125,287,377],"1":[25,126,288,378],"(reversal)":[26],"reactions.":[27],"A":[28],"test":[29],"predicting":[31],"onset":[33,339,380],"of":[34,53,71,182,192,201,229,243,263,306,328,337,376],"reactions":[35,127,276],"leprosy":[37,117,270,283],"would":[38],"greatly":[39],"reduce":[40],"disability":[41],"associated":[42],"with":[43,106],"leprosy.":[44],"Whole":[45,73],"blood":[46,74,348],"assays":[47,75,349],"longitudinal":[51],"vitro":[56,133,353],"T-cell":[57,86,109,134,363],"response,":[58],"they":[60],"robust":[62],"and":[63,65,95,146,156,164,169,256,267],"reproducible,":[64],"require":[66],"only":[67],"a":[68,180,373],"small":[69],"volume":[70],"blood.":[72],"were":[76],"used":[77,358],"assess":[79],"natural":[81],"variation":[82,107,170,183,240,249],"'normal'":[85],"mycobacterial":[89,152],"antigens":[90,153],"healthy":[92,96,194,264],"UK":[93,149,195],"donors,":[94,98],"Nepali":[97,265,269],"tested":[99],"over":[100,112,173],"6":[101,113],"months.":[102],"This":[103,343],"was":[104,160,241,258],"compared":[105],"responses":[110,172,204,221,252,364],"measured":[111,161],"months":[114],"22":[116],"patients":[118,271,284],"Nepal,":[120],"including":[121],"eight":[122,282],"who":[123,272,285],"developed":[124,286],"this":[129],"time.":[130],"The":[131,185,199],"M.":[137,140,366],"sonicate,":[139],"tuberculosis":[141],"PPD,":[142],"mitogen":[144],"PHA,":[145],"(in":[147],"study)":[150],"recombinant":[151],"(70":[154],"kD":[155,158],"30/31":[157],"proteins)":[159],"by":[162,206],"lymphoproliferation":[163,251],"interferon-gamma":[165],"(IFN":[166],"gamma)":[167],"responses,":[168],"time":[174,305],"each":[176],"subject":[177],"calculated":[178],"coefficient":[181],"(CV).":[184],"baseline":[186],"high,":[187],"low":[188,319],"or":[189,320],"non-responder":[190],"status":[191],"donors":[196],"remained":[197,318],"stable.":[198],"magnitude":[200],"IFN":[202],"gamma":[203],"varied":[205],"mean":[207,227],"CV":[208,228],"ranging":[209,225],"from":[210,226],"26%":[211],"(to":[212,216,231,235],"PPD)":[213],"63%":[215],"Mtb":[217,236],"70":[218,237],"kD);":[219],"proliferation":[220,300],"showed":[222,297],"less":[223],"variation,":[224],"18%":[230],"PHA)":[232],"47%":[234],"kD).":[238],"Response":[239],"independent":[242],"lymphocyte":[244],"number":[245],"culture.":[247],"Similar":[248],"MLS,":[254],"PPD":[255],"PHA":[257],"observed":[259],"group":[262],"subjects,":[266],"did":[273],"not":[274,335],"experience":[275],"study.":[279],"Of":[280],"reactions,":[289],"four":[290,311],"(two":[291],"BT,":[292],"one":[293,295,316],"BB,":[294,313],"BL)":[296],"significantly":[298],"increased":[299],"MLS":[302,323],"at":[303],"reaction":[307,338,379],"(74-300%":[308],"above":[309],"baseline);":[310],"(one":[312],"two":[314],"BL,":[315],"LL)":[317],"non-responders":[321],"throughout.":[324],"An":[325],"alternative":[326],"marker":[327,375],"response--anti-phenolic":[330],"glycolipid-1":[331],"(PGL-1)":[332],"antibody":[333],"titre--was":[334],"predictive":[336],"these":[341],"patients.":[342],"study":[344],"demonstrated":[345],"that":[346,355],"whole":[347],"provide":[350],"reproducible":[351],"measurements":[354],"can":[356],"be":[357],"monitor":[360],"antigens;":[368],"their":[369],"practical":[370],"use":[371],"diagnostic":[374],"is":[381],"discussed.":[382]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}