{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2369719458","doi":null,"title":"FPGate: The Last Building Block For A Practical CFI Solution","display_name":"FPGate: The Last Building Block For A Practical CFI Solution","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2369719458","mag":"2369719458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.361.4327","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.361.4327","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://lenx.100871.net/papers/FPGate-bluehat.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tao Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-1826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-1826"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-1826","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460139","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-4144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-4144"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-4144","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916439","display_name":"Zhaofeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3492-6656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3492-6656"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaofeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3492-6656","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108581944","display_name":"Lei Duan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060664067","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Szekeres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-6484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-6484"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Szekeres","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-6484","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078041729","display_name":"Stephen McCamant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6859-9758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6859-9758"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen McCamant","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6859-9758","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019426968","display_name":"Dawn Xiaodong Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-6802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-6802"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawn Song","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-6802","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25514542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-integrity","display_name":"control-flow integrity","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function-pointers","display_name":"function pointers","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-hijacking","display_name":"control flow hijacking","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-oriented-programming","display_name":"return-oriented programming","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-security-mechanisms","display_name":"lightweight security mechanisms","score":0.4399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7117088437080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7066006660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7054781913757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5515183210372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.526984691619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.44759753346443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43327903747558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.42776063084602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170723468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933","display_name":"x86","level":3,"score":0.4239360988140106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.41318899393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1957225501537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1250740885734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.09427276253700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.361.4327","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.361.4327","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://lenx.100871.net/papers/FPGate-bluehat.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2369719458","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lenx.100871.net/papers/FPGate-bluehat.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6700000166893005}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W332253968","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2088383546","https://openalex.org/W2397986719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087191048","https://openalex.org/W1823377586","https://openalex.org/W2138517425","https://openalex.org/W2516933175","https://openalex.org/W2006790656","https://openalex.org/W2213021386","https://openalex.org/W3157213858","https://openalex.org/W4388856874","https://openalex.org/W7071913784","https://openalex.org/W7099932361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,70,157],"propose":[1],"and":[2,11,122,177],"evaluate":[3,158],"a":[4,52,110,114,125,149],"new":[5],"protection":[6,55,128],"mechanism":[7],"for":[8],"indirect":[9,28],"call":[10,18],"jump":[12,96],"instructions":[13],"in":[14,37,85],"binaries,":[15],"which":[16,88,153],"we":[17,143],"FPGate.":[19],"FPGate":[20,49,166],"stops":[21],"attacks":[22,67],"targeting":[23],"function":[24,150],"pointers":[25],"by":[26],"limiting":[27],"transfers":[29],"to":[30,57,92,109],"only":[31],"those":[32],"targets":[33,97],"that":[34,72,131],"are":[35],"legal":[36,95],"the":[38,74,119,138,155,163,172],"original":[39],"program.":[40],"When":[41],"deployed":[42],"together":[43],"with":[44,73,148],"other":[45],"existing":[46],"lightweight":[47],"protections,":[48],"can":[50,90,106,133],"provide":[51,144],"level":[53],"of":[54,77],"comparable":[56],"CFI":[58],"(Control":[59],"Flow":[60],"Integrity),":[61],"stopping":[62],"almost":[63],"all":[64,94],"control-flow":[65],"hijacking":[66],"including":[68],"ROP.":[69],"observe":[71],"wide":[75],"deployment":[76],"ASLR,":[78],"Windows/x86":[79],"PE":[80],"executables":[81],"contain":[82],"enough":[83],"information":[84],"relocation":[86],"tables":[87],"FP-Gate":[89,105],"use":[91],"find":[93],"reliably,":[98],"without":[99],"source":[100],"code":[101],"or":[102],"symbol":[103],"information.":[104],"be":[107,134],"applied":[108],"single":[111],"module":[112],"at":[113],"time,":[115],"as":[116,118,169,171],"well":[117],"whole":[120,139],"system,":[121],"it":[123,132],"provides":[124],"clearly":[126],"specified":[127],"scheme":[129],"so":[130],"checked":[135],"separatley":[136],"if":[137],"binary":[140,147],"is":[141],"protected;":[142],"an":[145,179],"example":[146],"pointer":[151],"vulnerability":[152],"shows":[154],"protection.":[156],"our":[159],"prototype":[160],"implementation":[161],"on":[162],"SPECint2006":[164],"suite:":[165],"protects":[167],"applications":[168],"large":[170],"3MB":[173],"GCC":[174],"completely":[175],"automatically,":[176],"has":[178],"average":[180],"time":[181],"overhead":[182],"below":[183],"0.4%.":[184],"1":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}