{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2363380913","doi":null,"title":"Ethnic differences among Chinese, Malay and Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore.","display_name":"Ethnic differences among Chinese, Malay and Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2363380913","mag":"2363380913","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15094983","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Singapore medical journal","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"C Y Hong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Y Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597. hong_ching_ye@hpb.gov.sg","Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597. hong_ching_ye@hpb.gov.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108410822","display_name":"K S Chia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K S Chia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111577334","display_name":"Kenneth Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110547134","display_name":"S L Ling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S L Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1293,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80101845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"154","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.014600000344216824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences","display_name":"ethnic differences","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese","display_name":"Chinese","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malay-language","display_name":"Malay language","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indians","display_name":"Indians","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-history-of-diabetes","display_name":"family history of diabetes","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albuminuria","display_name":"albuminuria","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-complications","display_name":"renal complications","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-populations","display_name":"Asian populations","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singapore","display_name":"Singapore","score":0.9399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.928350031375885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.7977485656738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.727811336517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781203188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1676817","display_name":"Microalbuminuria","level":3,"score":0.6378843784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.6035407781600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6024922132492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776938241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237","display_name":"Malay","level":2,"score":0.5989423394203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.504163384437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781179581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857712","display_name":"Family history","level":2,"score":0.49204012751579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.486860454082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4529607892036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974792","display_name":"Albuminuria","level":3,"score":0.42562878131866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.3716525137424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.18092435598373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005951","descriptor_name":"Glucose Tolerance Test","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008019","descriptor_name":"Life Style","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008296","descriptor_name":"Malaysia","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011379","descriptor_name":"Prognosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012720","descriptor_name":"Severity of Illness Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012846","descriptor_name":"Singapore","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015992","descriptor_name":"Body Mass Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044466","descriptor_name":"Asian People","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15094983","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Singapore medical journal","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/31764","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/31764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:2363380913","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W638375876","https://openalex.org/W1968219575","https://openalex.org/W1980454228","https://openalex.org/W2004936923","https://openalex.org/W2013165480","https://openalex.org/W2035522664","https://openalex.org/W2042217215","https://openalex.org/W2053047969","https://openalex.org/W2054885376","https://openalex.org/W2077112764","https://openalex.org/W2080081478","https://openalex.org/W2088015242","https://openalex.org/W2100273987","https://openalex.org/W2108301397","https://openalex.org/W2125626003","https://openalex.org/W2161086857","https://openalex.org/W2395310524","https://openalex.org/W2426831173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4352980978","https://openalex.org/W2116700242","https://openalex.org/W58441660","https://openalex.org/W3184683808","https://openalex.org/W4385340440","https://openalex.org/W3129855696","https://openalex.org/W7124464682","https://openalex.org/W2112729355","https://openalex.org/W7095334772","https://openalex.org/W1978343559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Ethnic":[1,245],"differences":[2,15,28,246],"exist":[3,247],"in":[4,16,40],"patients":[5,34,50],"with":[6,35,133,174,183,248],"diabetes":[7,38,59,109,196],"mellitus.":[8],"Not":[9],"much":[10],"is":[11],"known":[12],"about":[13],"such":[14],"Asian":[17],"populations.":[18],"The":[19,43],"aim":[20],"of":[21,85,87,108,152,195,201,208,221,226,235,240,261,264,269,276],"the":[22,95,134,175],"study":[23,44],"was":[24,46,68,118,164],"to":[25,189,210,216,228,242,250,281],"determine":[26],"ethnic":[27],"among":[29,145],"Chinese,":[30,184],"Malay":[31],"and":[32,73,78,90,110,157,170,230,232,267,283],"Indian":[33],"type":[36,57],"2":[37,58],"mellitus":[39,60],"Singapore.":[41],"METHODS:":[42],"design":[45],"cross-sectional,":[47],"involving":[48],"967":[49],"who":[51],"were":[52,81,143,186,213],"attending":[53],"follow-up":[54],"care":[55,64],"for":[56,83,104,116,149,162],"at":[61],"a":[62,191],"primary":[63],"clinic.":[65],"Data":[66],"collection":[67],"by":[69,256],"patient":[70],"interview,":[71],"examination,":[72],"from":[74],"case":[75],"records.":[76],"Blood":[77],"urine":[79],"samples":[80],"collected":[82],"analysis":[84],"indicators":[86],"diabetic":[88,252],"control":[89,253,275],"albuminuria.":[91,270],"RESULTS:":[92],"Malays":[93,117,167],"had":[94],"highest":[96,144],"mean":[97,114,160],"body":[98,154],"mass":[99,155],"index":[100,156],"(BMI)":[101],"after":[102,147],"controlling":[103,148],"age,":[105,150],"gender,":[106],"duration":[107,151],"exercise":[111],"status.":[112],"Adjusted":[113,159],"BMI":[115],"27.4kg":[119],"per":[120,125,130],"square":[121,126,131],"metres,":[122,127,132],"Indians":[123,146,163,185],"25.7kg":[124],"Chinese":[128,171],"24.9kg":[129],"p":[135,176],"value":[136,177],"being":[137,178],"less":[138,179,214,279],"than":[139,180,286],"0.01.":[140,181],"HbA1c":[141,161,257],"levels":[142],"diabetes,":[153,262,277],"treatment.":[158],"8.3":[165],"percent,":[166,169,173],"8.0":[168],"7.7":[172],"Compared":[182],"more":[187],"likely":[188,215],"have":[190,217],"positive":[192],"family":[193,259],"history":[194,260],"(prevalence":[197],"rate":[198],"ratio":[199],"(PRR)":[200],"1.3,":[202],"95":[203,223,237],"percent":[204,224,238],"confidence":[205],"interval":[206],"(CI)":[207],"1.0":[209],"1.7),":[211],"but":[212],"associated":[218,265],"hypertension":[219,282],"(PRR":[220,234],"0.7,":[222],"CI":[225,239],"0.5":[227],"1.0)":[229],"microalbuminuria":[231],"macroalbuminuria":[233],"0.6,":[236],"0.4":[241],"1.0).":[243],"CONCLUSION:":[244],"regard":[249],"BMI,":[251],"as":[254],"reflected":[255],"levels,":[258],"presence":[263],"hypertension,":[266],"severity":[268],"Indians,":[271],"while":[272],"having":[273],"poorer":[274],"are":[278],"prone":[280],"renal":[284],"complications":[285],"Chinese.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
