{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2346842998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","title":"Increasing Area Deprivation and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Working Age Populations, United States, 1969-2011","display_name":"Increasing Area Deprivation and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Working Age Populations, United States, 1969-2011","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2346842998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","mag":"2346842998","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27621992","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5005987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21106/ijma.45","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","pdf_url":"https://mchandaids.org/index.php/IJMA/article/download/45/41","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737680987","display_name":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS","issn_l":"2161-864X","issn":["2161-864X","2161-8674"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316521","host_organization_name":"Global Health and Education Projects, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316521"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Global Health and Education Projects, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://mchandaids.org/index.php/IJMA/article/download/45/41","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gopal Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156335","display_name":"Global Health and Education Projects","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvyy542","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156335"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259919","display_name":"The Center for Global Health and Health Policy, Global Health and Education Projects, Inc","ror":"https://ror.org/02y08yn84","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156335","https://openalex.org/I4405259919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gopal Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Center for Global Health and Health Policy, Global Health and Education Projects, Riverdale, Maryland 20738, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Global Health and Health Policy, Global Health and Education Projects, Riverdale, Maryland 20738, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156335","https://openalex.org/I4405259919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156335","https://openalex.org/I4405259919"],"apc_list":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"apc_paid":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"fwci":2.1289,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87302238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"119","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12935","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Public Health","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-inequalities-in-mortality","display_name":"socioeconomic inequalities in mortality","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-deprivation","display_name":"area deprivation","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-mortality","display_name":"cardiovascular mortality","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-disease-mortality","display_name":"heart disease mortality","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-mortality","display_name":"stroke mortality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-age-adults","display_name":"working-age adults","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income","display_name":"income","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-status","display_name":"occupational status","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-trends","display_name":"mortality trends","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.47099998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.8245203495025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7540267109870911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.6231603026390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6171109080314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5790935754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5106099247932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780074459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Heart disease","level":2,"score":0.4277099668979645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3918860852718353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3616766929626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3082042932510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1482590138912201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21106/ijma.45","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","pdf_url":"https://mchandaids.org/index.php/IJMA/article/download/45/41","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737680987","display_name":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS","issn_l":"2161-864X","issn":["2161-864X","2161-8674"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316521","host_organization_name":"Global Health and Education Projects, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316521"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Global Health and Education Projects, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3978611","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5005987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5005987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5005987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J MCH AIDS","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:27621992","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27621992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of MCH and AIDS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20f795efb7684c7db066fc30c941c271","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20f795efb7684c7db066fc30c941c271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS, Vol 3, Iss 2 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ca482fa39ee45f3aac708aa90026077","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ca482fa39ee45f3aac708aa90026077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp 119-133 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21106/ijma.45","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.45","pdf_url":"https://mchandaids.org/index.php/IJMA/article/download/45/41","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737680987","display_name":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS","issn_l":"2161-864X","issn":["2161-864X","2161-8674"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316521","host_organization_name":"Global Health and Education Projects, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316521"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Global Health and Education Projects, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2346842998.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2346842998.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12496815","https://openalex.org/W161660362","https://openalex.org/W1513389823","https://openalex.org/W1552412681","https://openalex.org/W1560934533","https://openalex.org/W2020703194","https://openalex.org/W2022087132","https://openalex.org/W2027688298","https://openalex.org/W2045550321","https://openalex.org/W2051060050","https://openalex.org/W2052323081","https://openalex.org/W2069242643","https://openalex.org/W2080709277","https://openalex.org/W2093162438","https://openalex.org/W2102443076","https://openalex.org/W2111433635","https://openalex.org/W2120798987","https://openalex.org/W2131902284","https://openalex.org/W2142262297","https://openalex.org/W2146577233","https://openalex.org/W2153871458","https://openalex.org/W2182570550","https://openalex.org/W2277360950","https://openalex.org/W2321228581","https://openalex.org/W2915502572","https://openalex.org/W2916774960","https://openalex.org/W2916869320","https://openalex.org/W4200403811","https://openalex.org/W4235821015","https://openalex.org/W4242428206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111433635","https://openalex.org/W2182570550","https://openalex.org/W2142262297","https://openalex.org/W7169754254","https://openalex.org/W2027688298","https://openalex.org/W2346883117","https://openalex.org/W7096672222","https://openalex.org/W2045414843","https://openalex.org/W2165460094","https://openalex.org/W2144888003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"We":[1],"examined":[2],"the":[3,40,88,95,101,271,276],"extent":[4],"to":[5,47,67,92,168,253],"which":[6],"area-":[7,49],"and":[8,17,24,32,39,50,60,62,71,83,110,116,137,146,164,175,185,210,214,248,251,254,262,267,281,295],"individual-level":[9,51,150],"socioeconomic":[10,52,75,151,202,226],"inequalities":[11,237,261],"in":[12,54,77,94,100,119,125,158,204,222,230,238,279,290],"cardiovascular-disease":[13,288],"(CVD),":[14],"heart":[15,81,114,144,173,208],"disease,":[16,82,115,145,174],"stroke":[18,84,117,147,176,211],"mortality":[19,55,69,78,118,124,177,194,205,223,231,296],"among":[20,224],"United":[21],"States":[22],"men":[23],"women":[25,131],"aged":[26],"25-64":[27],"years":[28],"changed":[29],"between":[30],"1969":[31],"2011.":[33],"METHODS:":[34],"National":[35,41],"vital":[36],"statistics":[37],"data":[38],"Longitudinal":[42],"Mortality":[43],"Study":[44],"were":[45,65,128,139],"used":[46,66],"estimate":[48],"gradients":[53,76,152],"over":[56,216],"time.":[57],"Rate":[58],"ratios":[59],"log-linear":[61],"Cox":[63],"regression":[64],"model":[68],"trends":[70],"differentials.":[72],"RESULTS:":[73],"Area":[74],"from":[79,206],"CVD,":[80,113,143,172,207],"increased":[85,215,287],"substantially":[86],"during":[87,155,200],"study":[89],"period.":[90],"Compared":[91],"those":[93],"most":[96,102,273],"affluent":[97],"group,":[98],"individuals":[99],"deprived":[103],"area":[104],"group":[105],"had,":[106],"respectively":[107],"35%,":[108],"29%,":[109],"73%":[111],"higher":[112,123,171,225,293],"1969,":[120],"but":[121],"120-121%":[122],"2007-2011.":[126],"Gradients":[127],"steeper":[129,154],"for":[130,133,196],"than":[132,157,179],"men.":[134],"Education,":[135],"income,":[136],"occupation":[138],"inversely":[140],"associated":[141],"with":[142,149,161,182],"mortality,":[148],"being":[153],"1990-2002":[156],"1979-1989.":[159],"Individuals":[160],"low":[162],"education":[163,184],"incomes":[165],"had":[166],"2.7":[167],"3.7":[169],"times":[170],"risks":[178],"their":[180],"counterparts":[181],"high":[183],"income":[186],"levels.":[187],"CONCLUSIONS":[188],"AND":[189],"GLOBAL":[190],"HEALTH":[191],"IMPLICATIONS:":[192],"Although":[193],"declined":[195],"all":[197],"US":[198],"groups":[199],"1969-2011,":[201],"disparities":[203,229],"disease":[209],"remained":[212],"marked":[213],"time":[217],"because":[218],"of":[219,256,264,275,292],"faster":[220],"declines":[221],"groups.":[227],"Widening":[228],"may":[232],"reflect":[233],"increasing":[234],"temporal":[235],"areal":[236],"living":[239],"conditions,":[240],"behavioral":[241],"risk":[242],"factors":[243],"such":[244],"as":[245],"smoking,":[246,265],"obesity":[247],"physical":[249,268],"inactivity,":[250],"access":[252],"use":[255],"health":[257],"services.":[258],"With":[259],"social":[260],"prevalence":[263],"obesity,":[266],"inactivity":[269],"on":[270],"rise,":[272],"segments":[274],"working-age":[277],"population":[278],"low-":[280],"middle-income":[282],"countries":[283],"will":[284],"likely":[285],"experience":[286],"burden":[289],"terms":[291],"morbidity":[294],"rates.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
