{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2346356822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","title":"The five Cs of positive youth development in Norway","display_name":"The five Cs of positive youth development in Norway","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2346356822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","mag":"2346356822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0165025416645668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S51102485","display_name":"International Journal of Behavioral Development","issn_l":"0165-0254","issn":["0165-0254","1464-0651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Behavioral Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037924045","display_name":"Ingrid Holsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Holsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040014183","display_name":"John G. Geldhof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-0572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-0572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Geldhof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Waldo, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Waldo, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090286386","display_name":"Torill Bogsnes Larsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-9922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-9922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torill Larsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087095409","display_name":"Elisabeth Aardal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-8971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-8971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Aardal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Christiesgate, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037924045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96437793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"559","last_page":"569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11998","display_name":"Youth Development and Social Support","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11998","display_name":"Youth Development and Social Support","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10182","display_name":"Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-youth-development","display_name":"positive youth development","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-measurement-invariance","display_name":"cross-cultural invariance","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-and-depressive-symptoms","display_name":"anxiety and depressive symptoms","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-satisfaction","display_name":"life satisfaction","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empowerment","display_name":"empowerment","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caring","display_name":"caring","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norwegian-youth","display_name":"Norwegian youth","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63428231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9043","display_name":"Norwegian","level":2,"score":0.7830291986465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7753088474273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21788436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233299","display_name":"Positive Youth Development","level":2,"score":0.6810354590415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5275982022285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5253005623817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.39774057269096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34623146057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0165025416645668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416645668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S51102485","display_name":"International Journal of Behavioral Development","issn_l":"0165-0254","issn":["0165-0254","1464-0651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Behavioral Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485302008","https://openalex.org/W1560386218","https://openalex.org/W1577516548","https://openalex.org/W1692149955","https://openalex.org/W1699050795","https://openalex.org/W1963522503","https://openalex.org/W1968204207","https://openalex.org/W1970325005","https://openalex.org/W1980083892","https://openalex.org/W1981919480","https://openalex.org/W2004044017","https://openalex.org/W2006763260","https://openalex.org/W2028673443","https://openalex.org/W2029583601","https://openalex.org/W2031028430","https://openalex.org/W2031910429","https://openalex.org/W2032115967","https://openalex.org/W2036404673","https://openalex.org/W2038186052","https://openalex.org/W2050492295","https://openalex.org/W2052552903","https://openalex.org/W2064092984","https://openalex.org/W2064682970","https://openalex.org/W2071117154","https://openalex.org/W2074531721","https://openalex.org/W2082981312","https://openalex.org/W2089871805","https://openalex.org/W2099907134","https://openalex.org/W2102037511","https://openalex.org/W2102180613","https://openalex.org/W2104285455","https://openalex.org/W2106465800","https://openalex.org/W2107959833","https://openalex.org/W2126617477","https://openalex.org/W2132055964","https://openalex.org/W2132138073","https://openalex.org/W2160647365","https://openalex.org/W2166969496","https://openalex.org/W2245182169","https://openalex.org/W2342944796","https://openalex.org/W2377250286","https://openalex.org/W2383475159","https://openalex.org/W2408497632","https://openalex.org/W4239653516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123660199","https://openalex.org/W3209726717","https://openalex.org/W4409034889","https://openalex.org/W4388718997","https://openalex.org/W4295074964","https://openalex.org/W2071117154","https://openalex.org/W4206500742","https://openalex.org/W7124267566","https://openalex.org/W2909774869","https://openalex.org/W3208836694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,17,42,49,66,92,98,104,115,125,132,140,148,200,204,228],"field":[2],"of":[3,11,30,39,69,95,106,124,143,173,230],"positive":[4,56,186],"youth":[5],"development":[6,57,175],"(PYD)":[7],"emerges":[8],"internationally,":[9],"models":[10],"PYD":[12,40,70,96,117,144,231],"designed":[13],"for":[14,212],"use":[15],"in":[16,41,58,83,91,97,203,218,227],"US":[18],"must":[19],"be":[20],"extended":[21],"to":[22,81,147,168],"diverse":[23,234],"contexts.":[24,60],"For":[25],"instance,":[26],"a":[27,122,185,210,224],"robust":[28],"body":[29],"evidence":[31],"supports":[32],"Lerner":[33],"and":[34,85,108,151,157,162,176,190,192,216],"colleagues\u2019":[35],"Five":[36,50,67],"Cs":[37,51,68,166],"Model":[38,52],"US,":[43],"but":[44],"it":[45],"remains":[46],"unclear":[47],"whether":[48],"can":[53],"validly":[54],"capture":[55],"other":[59],"In":[61],"this":[62],"article":[63],"we":[64],"examined":[65,137],"using":[71],"data":[72],"from":[73],"1195":[74],"upper":[75],"secondary":[76],"school":[77],"students":[78],"(ages":[79],"16":[80],"19)":[82],"Norway":[84],"839":[86],"participants":[87],"who":[88],"took":[89],"part":[90],"4-H":[93],"Study":[94],"United":[99],"States.":[100],"Despite":[101],"some":[102],"differences,":[103],"tests":[105],"weak":[107],"strong":[109],"measurement":[110],"invariance":[111],"do":[112],"suggest":[113],"that":[114],"overarching":[116],"factor":[118],"as":[119,121],"well":[120],"majority":[123],"Cs,":[126],"retain":[127],"their":[128],"qualitative":[129],"interpretation":[130],"between":[131,139,188],"two":[133],"samples.":[134],"We":[135],"next":[136],"correlations":[138],"full":[141],"battery":[142],"items":[145],"administered":[146],"Norwegian":[149],"sample":[150],"three":[152],"relevant":[153],"criterion":[154],"measures:":[155],"Anxiety":[156,191],"Depressive":[158,193],"symptoms;":[159],"Life":[160],"Satisfaction;":[161],"Empowerment.":[163],"The":[164,181],"residual":[165],"tended":[167],"correlate":[169],"positively":[170],"with":[171,178],"indicators":[172],"adaptive":[174],"negatively":[177],"maladaptive":[179],"outcomes.":[180],"one":[182],"exception":[183],"was":[184],"correlation":[187],"Caring":[189],"symptoms.":[194],"These":[195],"findings":[196],"are":[197],"discussed.":[198],"Measuring":[199],"same":[201,205],"constructs":[202],"way":[206],"across":[207],"countries":[208],"is":[209],"prerequisite":[211],"studying":[213],"cultural":[214],"differences":[215],"similarities":[217],"development.":[219],"This":[220],"study":[221],"thus":[222],"represents":[223],"step":[225],"forward":[226],"application":[229],"research":[232],"among":[233],"youth.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
