{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2345312651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","title":"Air\u2013Ground Channel Characterization for Unmanned Aircraft Systems\u2014Part I: Methods, Measurements, and Models for Over-Water Settings","display_name":"Air\u2013Ground Channel Characterization for Unmanned Aircraft Systems\u2014Part I: Methods, Measurements, and Models for Over-Water Settings","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2345312651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","mag":"2345312651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063738915","display_name":"David W. Matolak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-4864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-4864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Matolak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042961257","display_name":"Ruoyu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-0349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-0349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1544,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":359,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99353724,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"1","first_page":"26","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.15060000121593475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-aerial-vehicles","display_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-band","display_name":"L-band","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-band","display_name":"C-band","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"path loss","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-spread","display_name":"delay spread","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-k-factor","display_name":"Rician K-factor","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband-channel-model","display_name":"wideband channel model","score":0.8510000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.5392099618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.48519161343574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4400838315486908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.43730083107948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35302579402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34872591495513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33582693338394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2614918649196625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1986115574836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.18708088994026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2530306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:elct_facpub-1322","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/elct_facpub/319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2050202489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#NNX12AR56G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332372","funder_display_name":"Glenn Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332372","display_name":"Glenn Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059fqnc42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155699794","https://openalex.org/W641259711","https://openalex.org/W1512329318","https://openalex.org/W1513478597","https://openalex.org/W1575231170","https://openalex.org/W1797540631","https://openalex.org/W1963745547","https://openalex.org/W1972488118","https://openalex.org/W1979693211","https://openalex.org/W1994686449","https://openalex.org/W2042534405","https://openalex.org/W2051584840","https://openalex.org/W2052258227","https://openalex.org/W2059721926","https://openalex.org/W2062560768","https://openalex.org/W2066867661","https://openalex.org/W2070487735","https://openalex.org/W2072079297","https://openalex.org/W2085405697","https://openalex.org/W2099515730","https://openalex.org/W2101872695","https://openalex.org/W2104485532","https://openalex.org/W2105299991","https://openalex.org/W2112672978","https://openalex.org/W2117656683","https://openalex.org/W2120712708","https://openalex.org/W2122480671","https://openalex.org/W2123311575","https://openalex.org/W2125176078","https://openalex.org/W2131651545","https://openalex.org/W2133462521","https://openalex.org/W2146044034","https://openalex.org/W2151506308","https://openalex.org/W2163349133","https://openalex.org/W2312909179","https://openalex.org/W2314719650","https://openalex.org/W2314778113","https://openalex.org/W2331788720","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W3009765347","https://openalex.org/W3041190406","https://openalex.org/W3129088245","https://openalex.org/W4232893902","https://openalex.org/W4301359260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994686449","https://openalex.org/W2070487735","https://openalex.org/W2415443804","https://openalex.org/W2220010058","https://openalex.org/W2580241428","https://openalex.org/W4251906923","https://openalex.org/W2475307529","https://openalex.org/W2042534405","https://openalex.org/W2054156589","https://openalex.org/W1904495647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,44,52,64,83,164,173,230,261],"unmanned":[3,12],"aerial":[4,13],"systems":[5],"(UASs),":[6],"which":[7,189],"are":[8,110,170,198,206],"also":[9,199,225],"known":[10],"as":[11,112,114],"vehicles,":[14],"and":[15,32,57,70,76,95,106,129,153,160,205],"by":[16,80,201],"the":[17,21,53,62,96,115,132,154,165,195,202,252],"term":[18],"\u201cdrones\u201d":[19],"in":[20,41,123,139,194,245,258],"popular":[22],"press,":[23],"is":[24,61,224],"growing":[25],"rapidly.":[26],"To":[27],"ensure":[28],"safety,":[29],"UAS":[30],"control":[31],"nonpayload":[33],"communication":[34],"(CNPC)":[35],"links":[36],"must":[37],"operate":[38],"very":[39,209],"reliably":[40],"a":[42,81,227],"variety":[43],"conditions.":[45],"This":[46],"requires":[47],"an":[48],"accurate":[49,187],"quantitative":[50],"characterization":[51,60],"air-ground":[54],"(AG)":[55],"channel,":[56],"this":[58,65,246],"channel":[59,118,238,254],"focus":[63],"paper.":[66],"After":[67],"providing":[68],"motivation":[69],"background,":[71],"we":[72,137,190,233],"describe":[73],"our":[74,84],"methods":[75],"modeling":[77],"approach,":[78],"followed":[79],"description":[82],"simultaneous":[85],"dual-band":[86],"(L-band":[87],"~970":[88],"MHz,":[89],"C-band":[90],"~5":[91],"GHz)":[92],"measurement":[93,99],"campaign":[94],"over-water":[97],"(OW)":[98],"sites.":[100],"Example":[101],"results":[102,116,250],"for":[103,117,181,251],"path":[104],"loss":[105],"root-mean-square":[107],"delay":[108,148],"spread":[109],"provided,":[111],"well":[113],"stationarity":[119],"distance":[120],"(SD),":[121],"used":[122,159],"calculating":[124],"small-scale":[125],"Rician":[126],"K-":[127],"factor":[128],"correlations":[130],"between":[131],"two":[133],"receiver":[134],"antennas":[135],"that":[136,172],"employed":[138],"each":[140],"frequency":[141],"band.":[142],"Two":[143],"distinct":[144],"SD":[145],"measures-the":[146],"power":[147],"profile":[149],"(PDP)":[150],"correlation":[151],"coefficient":[152],"spatial":[155],"autocorrelation":[156],"matrix":[157],"collinearity-were":[158],"found":[161],"to":[162,240],"be":[163],"same":[166],"order.":[167],"Path-loss":[168],"exponents":[169],"near":[171],"free":[174],"space,":[175],"but":[176,213],"significant":[177],"two-ray":[178,203],"cancelation":[179],"effects":[180],"these":[182],"OW":[183,196],"settings":[184],"warrant":[185],"more":[186],"models,":[188],"provide.":[191],"Delay":[192],"spreads":[193],"channels":[197],"dominated":[200],"components":[204],"hence":[207],"typically":[208],"small":[210],"(~10":[211],"ns)":[212],"can":[214],"exceed":[215],"350":[216],"ns.":[217],"A":[218],"third":[219],"intermittent":[220],"multipath":[221],"component":[222],"(MPC)":[223],"present":[226],"nonnegligible":[228],"fraction":[229],"time;":[231],"hence,":[232],"provide":[234],"statistical":[235],"wideband":[236],"AG":[237,253],"models":[239],"represent":[241],"this.":[242],"Future":[243],"papers":[244],"series":[247],"will":[248],"report":[249],"with":[255],"ground":[256],"sites":[257],"other":[259],"types":[260],"environments.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}