{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2345205671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","title":"Why cirrus cloud seeding cannot substantially cool the planet","display_name":"Why cirrus cloud seeding cannot substantially cool the planet","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2345205671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","mag":"2345205671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/2015jd024666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015JD024666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015JD024666","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070016171","display_name":"Bla\u017e Gasparini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-0155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-0155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257520","display_name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bzz1e33","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257520"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bla\u017e Gasparini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257520"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041284859","display_name":"Ulrike Lohmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-3785","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-3785"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257520","display_name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bzz1e33","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257520"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrike Lohmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257520"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070016171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257520"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"fwci":4.1239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":160,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93761902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":"9","first_page":"4877","last_page":"4893"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.6898999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.6898999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.30709999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cirrus-clouds","display_name":"cirrus clouds","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-seeding","display_name":"cloud seeding","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoengineering","display_name":"geoengineering","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-radiation-management","display_name":"solar radiation management","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-nucleating-particles","display_name":"ice nucleating particles","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-radiative-effects","display_name":"cloud radiative effects","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystal-microphysics","display_name":"ice crystal microphysics","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystal-number-concentration","display_name":"ice crystal number concentration","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystal-size","display_name":"ice crystal size","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-cover","display_name":"cloud cover","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/updraft-velocity","display_name":"updraft velocity","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-climate-model-simulation","display_name":"global climate model simulation","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093125","display_name":"Cirrus","level":2,"score":0.9353174567222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36248471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445669","display_name":"Seeding","level":2,"score":0.9010595083236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125388846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325808","display_name":"Ice crystals","level":2,"score":0.7795732021331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.658237099647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.6211405992507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178983516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217418","display_name":"Cloud seeding","level":3,"score":0.5593511462211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5453431606292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4578721225261688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.4301576316356659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3024015426635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23037707805633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.11718985438346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07857713103294373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/2015jd024666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015JD024666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/117118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/117118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (9)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000117118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000117118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000117118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/2015jd024666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024666","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015JD024666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320923","display_name":"Branco Weiss Fellowship \u2013 Society in Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2345205671.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2345205671.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587101236","https://openalex.org/W1657365528","https://openalex.org/W1718036133","https://openalex.org/W1818092435","https://openalex.org/W1915334423","https://openalex.org/W1943317036","https://openalex.org/W1967382625","https://openalex.org/W1975406695","https://openalex.org/W1976260144","https://openalex.org/W1978279960","https://openalex.org/W1986540838","https://openalex.org/W1986821446","https://openalex.org/W1999139360","https://openalex.org/W2000410122","https://openalex.org/W2012908759","https://openalex.org/W2015714569","https://openalex.org/W2015820051","https://openalex.org/W2027997491","https://openalex.org/W2031894925","https://openalex.org/W2035985737","https://openalex.org/W2042058640","https://openalex.org/W2042577398","https://openalex.org/W2047827755","https://openalex.org/W2049905218","https://openalex.org/W2055421723","https://openalex.org/W2056110518","https://openalex.org/W2058904192","https://openalex.org/W2062762388","https://openalex.org/W2069457808","https://openalex.org/W2071743224","https://openalex.org/W2083465671","https://openalex.org/W2088433240","https://openalex.org/W2097750168","https://openalex.org/W2100365896","https://openalex.org/W2105670822","https://openalex.org/W2107840396","https://openalex.org/W2108242116","https://openalex.org/W2115570969","https://openalex.org/W2118516308","https://openalex.org/W2128182792","https://openalex.org/W2137223522","https://openalex.org/W2138778377","https://openalex.org/W2139004620","https://openalex.org/W2140149092","https://openalex.org/W2140672778","https://openalex.org/W2142869058","https://openalex.org/W2154769487","https://openalex.org/W2159425335","https://openalex.org/W2161271190","https://openalex.org/W2162349955","https://openalex.org/W2170652770","https://openalex.org/W2170983048","https://openalex.org/W2174657936","https://openalex.org/W2180673075","https://openalex.org/W2210793160","https://openalex.org/W2241270943","https://openalex.org/W2470467603","https://openalex.org/W3192880971","https://openalex.org/W4241160531","https://openalex.org/W4300009529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135099505","https://openalex.org/W3091461652","https://openalex.org/W2159425335","https://openalex.org/W2180673075","https://openalex.org/W1975406695","https://openalex.org/W2994804658","https://openalex.org/W2118516308","https://openalex.org/W2021152459","https://openalex.org/W3003243924","https://openalex.org/W2562573750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"net":[2],"warming":[3],"effect":[4,88],"of":[5,11,18,34,44,51,77,106,153],"cirrus":[6,35,58,85,134],"clouds":[7,36],"has":[8],"driven":[9],"part":[10],"the":[12,16,49,52,63,74,84,107,160,166],"geoengineering":[13,103],"research":[14],"toward":[15],"idea":[17],"decreasing":[19],"their":[20,45,102,120,154],"occurrence":[21],"frequency":[22],"by":[23],"seeding":[24,40,108,126,170],"them":[25],"with":[26,48],"efficient":[27],"ice":[28,71,140,148,161],"nucleating":[29],"particles.":[30],"We":[31],"study":[32],"responses":[33],"to":[37,100,115,159],"simplified":[38],"global":[39],"strategies":[41,109],"in":[42,133,139,147],"terms":[43],"radiative":[46,87,156],"fluxes":[47],"help":[50],"ECHAM\u2010HAM":[53],"general":[54],"circulation":[55],"model.":[56],"Our":[57],"scheme":[59],"takes":[60],"into":[61],"account":[62],"competition":[64],"between":[65],"homogeneous":[66],"and":[67,73,95,144],"heterogeneous":[68],"freezing,":[69],"preexisting":[70],"crystals,":[72],"full":[75],"spectrum":[76],"updraft":[78],"velocities.":[79],"While":[80],"we":[81,129],"find":[82],"that":[83],"cloud":[86,135],"evaluated":[89],"from":[90],"our":[91],"model":[92],"is":[93,127],"positive":[94],"large":[96],"enough":[97],"(5.7":[98],"W/m2)":[99],"confirm":[101],"potential,":[104],"none":[105],"achieves":[110],"a":[111,137,145],"significant":[112],"cooling":[113],"due":[114],"complex":[116],"microphysical":[117],"mechanisms":[118],"limiting":[119,169],"climatic":[121],"responses.":[122],"After":[123],"globally":[124],"uniform":[125],"applied,":[128],"observe":[130],"an":[131],"increase":[132],"cover,":[136],"decrease":[138,146,164],"crystal":[141,149,162],"number":[142],"concentration,":[143],"radius.":[150],"An":[151],"analysis":[152],"respective":[155],"contributions":[157],"points":[158],"radius":[163],"as":[165],"main":[167],"factor":[168],"effectiveness.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}