{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2340165352","doi":null,"title":"A Theory of Frozen Light According to General Relativity","display_name":"A Theory of Frozen Light According to General Relativity","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2340165352","mag":"2340165352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2340165352","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://zelmanov.ptep-online.com/papers/zj-2011-01.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049145577","display_name":"Dmitri Rabounski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2178-8672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2178-8672"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitri Rabounski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2178-8672","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053265799","display_name":"Larissa Borissova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4485"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larissa Borissova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4485","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slow-light","display_name":"slow light","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degenerate-metrics","display_name":"degenerate metrics","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eikonal-equation","display_name":"eikonal equation","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standing-light-wave","display_name":"standing light wave","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-photons","display_name":"virtual photons","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-electrodynamics","display_name":"quantum electrodynamics","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-potential","display_name":"gravitational potential","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-state-of-matter","display_name":"new state of matter","score":0.6169999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.7714279294013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7336772084236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.5870477557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5615322589874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5574181079864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147452769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452","display_name":"General relativity","level":2,"score":0.5226678252220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.47258245944976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.4512844681739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3835375905036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3834426701068878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3593878746032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2592514753341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2340165352","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://zelmanov.ptep-online.com/papers/zj-2011-01.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969546033","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1997505778","https://openalex.org/W2002105262","https://openalex.org/W2032282864","https://openalex.org/W2056174226","https://openalex.org/W2077563713","https://openalex.org/W2105109696","https://openalex.org/W2113730801","https://openalex.org/W2139653117","https://openalex.org/W2140562769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099206537","https://openalex.org/W2950501692","https://openalex.org/W7168091508","https://openalex.org/W7125141887","https://openalex.org/W7152653544","https://openalex.org/W7140778706","https://openalex.org/W7138918355","https://openalex.org/W7162892774","https://openalex.org/W6941315747","https://openalex.org/W7128903751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,98],"suggest":[1,99],"a":[2,38,102,178,191,197,208,261,268,285,308,329],"theory":[3],"of":[4,30,41,59,63,70,81,88,95,104,123,128,188,190,196,233,243,287,298,310,314,332],"frozen":[5,278],"light,":[6,234],"which":[7,22,43,76],"was":[8,23],"first":[9],"regis-":[10],"tered":[11],"in":[12,177],"2000":[13],"by":[14,26],"Lene":[15],"Hau,":[16],"who":[17],"pioneered":[18],"this":[19,118],"experimental":[20],"research,":[21],"then":[24],"approved":[25],"two":[27],"other":[28],"groups":[29],"experimentalists.":[31],"Frozen":[32],"light":[33,274,289,325],"is":[34,54,111,115,119,137,145,231,246,260,282,306],"explained":[35],"here":[36],"as":[37,215,272,323],"new":[39],"state":[40],"matter,":[42],"differs":[44],"from":[45,185],"the":[46,60,67,78,86,91,109,120,124,135,142,148,162,165,170,186,211,227,237,241,249,294],"others":[47],"(solid,":[48],"gas,":[49],"liquid,":[50],"plasma).":[51],"The":[52],"explanation":[53],"given":[55],"through":[56,255],"space-time":[57,143,163],"terms":[58],"General":[61],"Theory":[62],"Relativity,":[64],"employ-":[65],"ing":[66],"mathematical":[68],"apparatus":[69],"chronometric":[71],"invariants":[72],"(physically":[73],"observable":[74,149,166],"quantities)":[75],"are":[77,154,175],"respective":[79],"projections":[80],"space-":[82],"time":[83,89,150,167],"quantities":[84,222],"onto":[85],"line":[87],"and":[90,151,156,169,210,217,240],"three-dimensional":[92,152,173],"spatial":[93],"section":[94],"an":[96],"observer.":[97],"to":[100,158,206,220,267],"consider":[101],"region":[103,126,200,209],"space":[105],"(space-":[106],"time),":[107],"where":[108,134],"metric":[110,136],"fully":[112,179,198],"degenerate.":[113],"It":[114,245],"shown":[116,247],"that":[117,141,226,232,248],"ultimate":[121],"case":[122],"isotropic":[125],"(home":[127],"light-like":[129],"massless":[130],"particles,":[131],"e.g.":[132],"photons),":[133],"particularly":[138],"degenerate":[139,180,199],"so":[140],"interval":[144,174],"zero,":[146],"while":[147,280],"intervals":[153],"nonzero":[155],"equal":[157],"each":[159],"other.":[160],"Both":[161],"interval,":[164,168],"observ-":[171],"able":[172],"zero":[176],"region.":[181],"This":[182,305],"means":[183],"that,":[184],"point":[187],"view":[189],"regular":[192,269],"observer,":[193],"any":[194],"particle":[195],"travels":[201],"instantly.":[202],"Therefore,":[203],"we":[204],"refer":[205],"such":[207],"particles":[212],"inhabiting":[213],"it":[214],"zero-space":[216,224,281],"zero-particles.":[218],"Moving":[219],"coordinate":[221],"inside":[223],"shows":[225],"real":[228],"speed":[229],"therein":[230],"depending":[235],"on":[236],"gravitational":[238],"potential":[239],"rotation":[242],"space.":[244],"eikonal":[250],"equation":[251],"for":[252],"zero-particles,":[253],"expressed":[254],"physically":[256],"ob-":[257],"servable":[258],"quantities,":[259],"standing":[262,273,288,324],"wave":[263],"equation:":[264],"zero-particles":[265,318],"appear":[266],"external":[270],"observer":[271],"waves":[275,290],"(stopped,":[276],"or":[277],"light),":[279],"filled":[283],"with":[284],"system":[286],"(light-like":[291],"holograms).":[292],"In":[293],"internal":[295],"reference":[296],"frame":[297],"zero-":[299],"space,":[300],"momentum":[301],"does":[302],"not":[303],"conserve.":[304],"solely":[307],"property":[309],"vir-":[311,333],"tual":[312],"photons":[313],"Quantum":[315],"Electrodynamics.":[316],"Therefore":[317],"(we":[319],"can":[320],"observe":[321],"them":[322],"waves)":[326],"should":[327],"play":[328],"r\u02c6":[330],"ole":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
