{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2339867436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","title":"Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms of Clinically Important Bacteria","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms of Clinically Important Bacteria","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2339867436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","mag":"2339867436","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina47030019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/47/3/19/pdf?version=1616052222","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2339867436"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/47/3/19/pdf?version=1616052222","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077166258","display_name":"Agn\u0117 Giedraitien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-2121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-2121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131736796","display_name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0069bkg23","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Agn\u0117 Giedraitien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078692784","display_name":"Astra Vitkauskien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6107-9731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6107-9731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131736796","display_name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0069bkg23","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astra Vitkauskien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032148653","display_name":"Rima Naginien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-2618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-2618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131736796","display_name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0069bkg23","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rima Naginien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014575919","display_name":"Alvydas Pavilonis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131736796","display_name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0069bkg23","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvydas Pavilonis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077166258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131736796"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":7.5715,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":378,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97999649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"19","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10195","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistance","display_name":"antibiotic resistance","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-resistance-mechanisms","display_name":"bacterial resistance mechanisms","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acquired-resistance","display_name":"acquired resistance","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromosome-mutations","display_name":"chromosomal mutations","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-resistance","display_name":"cross-resistance","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmid-mediated-gene-transfer","display_name":"plasmid-mediated gene transfer","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugation","display_name":"conjugation","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transposable-elements","display_name":"transposable elements","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrons","display_name":"integrons","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacteriophage-transduction","display_name":"bacteriophage transduction","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-inactivation","display_name":"antibiotic inactivation","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-modification","display_name":"target modification","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aminoglycosides","display_name":"aminoglycosides","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outer-membrane","display_name":"outer membrane","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrolides","display_name":"macrolides","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetracycline","display_name":"tetracycline","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoroquinolones","display_name":"fluoroquinolones","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rifampicin","display_name":"rifampicin","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","display_name":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","score":0.9570000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.6900283694267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.679781436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.6593818068504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200082930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22327148","display_name":"Efflux","level":2,"score":0.6201425194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.5844340324401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5828147530555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.5690361261367798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22744801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172778","display_name":"Plasmid","level":3,"score":0.5638090968132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778473333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274515","display_name":"Chloramphenicol","level":3,"score":0.458353191614151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15152581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833966","display_name":"Transduction (biophysics)","level":2,"score":0.4347495436668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4212295413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992270614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29548","display_name":"Membrane permeability","level":3,"score":0.4196867346763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19655278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3293735","display_name":"Bacterial cell structure","level":3,"score":0.4147590398788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180223184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4839986","display_name":"Bacterial genetics","level":4,"score":0.41044795513153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.3639791011810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.33822548389434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.25444167852401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.19818630814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001419","descriptor_name":"Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001419","descriptor_name":"Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002463","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane Permeability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D024881","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina47030019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/47/3/19/pdf?version=1616052222","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21822035","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lsmu.lt:20.500.12512/11199","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21822035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055191","display_name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina47030019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/47/3/19/pdf?version=1616052222","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2339867436.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2339867436.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60335442","https://openalex.org/W85187135","https://openalex.org/W87867538","https://openalex.org/W137943344","https://openalex.org/W193224011","https://openalex.org/W1508126216","https://openalex.org/W1546710729","https://openalex.org/W1591552273","https://openalex.org/W1598136901","https://openalex.org/W1691012859","https://openalex.org/W1897512913","https://openalex.org/W1978738012","https://openalex.org/W1989985563","https://openalex.org/W1994895410","https://openalex.org/W1997483686","https://openalex.org/W1998846207","https://openalex.org/W2009690857","https://openalex.org/W2029154466","https://openalex.org/W2032161209","https://openalex.org/W2038000091","https://openalex.org/W2050460020","https://openalex.org/W2058952776","https://openalex.org/W2059262478","https://openalex.org/W2068037991","https://openalex.org/W2070825896","https://openalex.org/W2074669461","https://openalex.org/W2075367741","https://openalex.org/W2089493916","https://openalex.org/W2090651792","https://openalex.org/W2097293600","https://openalex.org/W2105489185","https://openalex.org/W2109433105","https://openalex.org/W2111281355","https://openalex.org/W2112586763","https://openalex.org/W2115533378","https://openalex.org/W2118749228","https://openalex.org/W2121254474","https://openalex.org/W2121867408","https://openalex.org/W2124368183","https://openalex.org/W2129949602","https://openalex.org/W2133028512","https://openalex.org/W2134352676","https://openalex.org/W2134999596","https://openalex.org/W2135845345","https://openalex.org/W2138579964","https://openalex.org/W2140047531","https://openalex.org/W2147115456","https://openalex.org/W2151496242","https://openalex.org/W2152959089","https://openalex.org/W2155655746","https://openalex.org/W2155864378","https://openalex.org/W2159626083","https://openalex.org/W2331738366","https://openalex.org/W2478460149","https://openalex.org/W2527549077","https://openalex.org/W4231980658","https://openalex.org/W4237421950","https://openalex.org/W4250392082","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6632542560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769859308","https://openalex.org/W4230097991","https://openalex.org/W2105489185","https://openalex.org/W4244930542","https://openalex.org/W2376277840","https://openalex.org/W2671355464","https://openalex.org/W2159293433","https://openalex.org/W2899782476","https://openalex.org/W1985078361","https://openalex.org/W2490900124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bacterial":[0],"resistance":[1,19,29,65,81],"to":[2,20,40,48,67],"antimicrobial":[3,26,72],"drugs":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6],"increasing":[7],"health":[8],"and":[9,58,92,102,111,126],"economic":[10],"problem.":[11],"Bacteria":[12],"may":[13],"be":[14],"innate":[15],"resistant":[16],"or":[17,22,53],"acquire":[18],"one":[21,46],"few":[23],"classes":[24],"of":[25,80,97,131],"agents.":[27],"Acquired":[28],"arises":[30],"from:":[31],"(i)":[32],"mutations":[33],"in":[34,116],"cell":[35,87],"genes":[36,66],"(chromosomal":[37],"mutation)":[38],"leading":[39],"cross-resistance,":[41],"(ii)":[42],"gene":[43],"transfer":[44],"from":[45,70],"microorganism":[47],"other":[49],"by":[50],"plasmids":[51],"(conjugation":[52],"transformation),":[54],"transposons":[55],"(conjugation),":[56],"integrons":[57],"bacteriophages":[59],"(transduction).":[60],"After":[61],"a":[62],"bacterium":[63],"gains":[64],"protect":[68],"itself":[69],"various":[71],"agents,":[73],"bacteria":[74],"can":[75],"use":[76],"several":[77],"biochemical":[78],"types":[79],"mechanisms:":[82],"antibiotic":[83],"inactivation":[84],"(interference":[85],"with":[86,105],"wall":[88],"synthesis,":[89,99,108],"e.g.,":[90,100,109,119,124,134],"\u03b2-lactams":[91],"glycopeptide),":[93],"target":[94],"modification":[95],"(inhibition":[96,130],"protein":[98],"macrolides":[101],"tetracyclines;":[103],"interference":[104],"nucleic":[106],"acid":[107],"fluoroquinolones":[110],"rifampin),":[112],"altered":[113],"permeability":[114],"(changes":[115],"outer":[117],"membrane,":[118],"aminoglycosides;":[120],"new":[121],"membrane":[122],"transporters,":[123],"chloramphenicol),":[125],"\"bypass\"":[127],"metabolic":[128,132],"pathway":[129],"pathway,":[133],"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole).":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
