{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2339826990","doi":null,"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDY DESIGNS IN HEALTH RESEARCH","display_name":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDY DESIGNS IN HEALTH RESEARCH","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2339826990","mag":"2339826990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 2 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050995147","display_name":"\u0130ftikhar Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9260-1895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9260-1895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172324550","display_name":"Gomal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0241b8f19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iftikhar Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gomal Medical College\r\nD.I.Khan","Gomal Medical College#R##N#D.I.Khan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College\r\nD.I.Khan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College#R##N#D.I.Khan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051427570","display_name":"Muhammad Marwat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-6924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-6924"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172324550","display_name":"Gomal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0241b8f19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Marwat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gomal Medical College,\r\nDIKhan","Gomal Medical College,#R##N#DIKhan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College,\r\nDIKhan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College,#R##N#DIKhan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Habibullah Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172324550","display_name":"Gomal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0241b8f19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habibullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gomal Medical College,\r\nDIKhan","Gomal Medical College,#R##N#DIKhan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College,\r\nDIKhan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gomal Medical College,#R##N#DIKhan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36998773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11555","display_name":"Methodologies in Health Research and Practice","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11555","display_name":"Methodologies in Health Research and Practice","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.09480000287294388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-research","display_name":"health research","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-clinical-decision-making","display_name":"evidence-based clinical decision-making","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-feasibility","display_name":"operational feasibility","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.7678762674331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.7636445760726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.6595886945724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6211327314376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.5582025647163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.49661165475845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48184287548065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3925701379776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3456052839756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3365292549133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2921918034553528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.15209972858428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11119511723518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09471109509468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 2 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be140fdf36b642e3a69c31f8aabf04c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 2 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17591755","https://openalex.org/W571572828","https://openalex.org/W1982129645","https://openalex.org/W2022751521","https://openalex.org/W2055492094","https://openalex.org/W2067484177","https://openalex.org/W2084286036","https://openalex.org/W2118032584","https://openalex.org/W2128608724","https://openalex.org/W2152137551","https://openalex.org/W2165766688","https://openalex.org/W2411128977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085552202","https://openalex.org/W4233341471","https://openalex.org/W6987074144","https://openalex.org/W4406188094","https://openalex.org/W2905099311","https://openalex.org/W4212874115","https://openalex.org/W2553486653","https://openalex.org/W1980893061","https://openalex.org/W7166144095","https://openalex.org/W4321509687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"A":[1],"research":[2,13,22,88,100,112,166,171],"design":[3,28,39,60,101],"is":[4,29,46,167],"a":[5,30,57,62,123],"framework":[6],"or":[7],"guiding":[8],"plan":[9],"to":[10,81,99,130,148],"approach":[11],"the":[12,21,47,50,54,66,72,79,83,134,138,141,154,160],"subject,":[14],"data":[15,17],"collection,":[16],"analysis":[18],"and":[19,64,85,90,156],"study":[20,27,38,59,63,75,94,143,155],"problem.":[23],"Choosing":[24],"an":[25,131],"appropriate":[26],"crucial":[31],"step":[32],"ahead":[33],"of":[34,56,69,87,92,133,140,153,159],"researcher.":[35],"Every":[36],"Research":[37,58],"has":[40],"inherent":[41,117],"strengths":[42,118],"&":[43,49,119,137],"weaknesses.":[44,120],"It":[45],"situation":[48],"objectives":[51],"that":[52],"determine":[53],"suitability":[55],"for":[61,106],"not":[65],"absolute":[67],"superiority":[68],"one":[70],"above":[71],"other.":[73],"This":[74],"was":[76],"conducted":[77],"with":[78],"objective":[80],"review":[82],"strengths,":[84],"limitations":[86],"designs":[89,113],"methods":[91],"different":[93],"designs.":[95],"Discussion:":[96],"Strict":[97],"adherence":[98],"can":[102],"provide":[103],"high-class":[104],"evidence":[105],"rational":[107],"clinical":[108],"decision-making.3":[109],"Conclusion:":[110],"Different":[111],"have":[114],"their":[115],"own":[116],"Before":[121],"employing":[122],"study,":[124],"careful":[125],"thought":[126],"must":[127],"be":[128,149],"given":[129],"understanding":[132],"scientific":[135],"principles":[136],"appropriateness":[139],"proposed":[142],"design,":[144],"operational":[145],"feasibility,":[146],"information":[147],"obtained,":[150],"expected":[151],"duration":[152],"expenses.":[157],"One":[158],"most":[161],"important":[162],"steps":[163],"before":[164],"beginning":[165],"deciding":[168],"on":[169],"your":[170],"design.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}