{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2338733890","doi":null,"title":"Chutes and Ladders in Post-Secondary Education Academic 2-year colleges as a Stepping Stone","display_name":"Chutes and Ladders in Post-Secondary Education Academic 2-year colleges as a Stepping Stone","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2338733890","mag":"2338733890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2338733890","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/others/research/research-calendar-attachments/seminars-2009/sem-trachter101309-pdf.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089239797","display_name":"Nicholas Trachter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Trachter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089239797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.0502999983727932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-colleges","display_name":"community colleges","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-education","display_name":"returns to education","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-dropout","display_name":"university dropout","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-transfer","display_name":"college transfer","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-accumulation","display_name":"human capital accumulation","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-insurance","display_name":"full insurance","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-enrollment","display_name":"college enrollment","score":0.4519999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.8135553598403931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38935604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363","display_name":"Stylized fact","level":2,"score":0.7437611222267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5877543091773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.5639001131057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.4920353591442108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4460486173629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.43246665596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43220147490501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3710988163948059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3421974778175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.32704484462738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.294847697019577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21852943301200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14842385053634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13689002394676208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.11122912168502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2338733890","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/others/research/research-calendar-attachments/seminars-2009/sem-trachter101309-pdf.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515043849","https://openalex.org/W1562389060","https://openalex.org/W1600156945","https://openalex.org/W1997518800","https://openalex.org/W2003838343","https://openalex.org/W2031179154","https://openalex.org/W2077867009","https://openalex.org/W2125448493","https://openalex.org/W2140410834","https://openalex.org/W2167493148","https://openalex.org/W2185760907","https://openalex.org/W2255676150","https://openalex.org/W2885296179","https://openalex.org/W2978648229","https://openalex.org/W3121142346","https://openalex.org/W3123122365","https://openalex.org/W3123226956","https://openalex.org/W3123962920","https://openalex.org/W3124634782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W86389607","https://openalex.org/W7101144994","https://openalex.org/W7113559557","https://openalex.org/W3045438284","https://openalex.org/W7100312526","https://openalex.org/W2231042128","https://openalex.org/W7099104874","https://openalex.org/W2079669","https://openalex.org/W2063582006","https://openalex.org/W2496263214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,49,159,301],"high":[1],"returns":[2,240],"to":[3,52,67,74,76,112,150,190,194,199,215,220,255,272,288,299],"graduating":[4,53],"from":[5,18,54,286,297],"a":[6,32,64,71,77,85,95],"4-year":[7,40,78,125,207,275,293],"college":[8,58,261],"conicts":[9],"with":[10,39,163],"low":[11],"enrollment":[12,281,291],"and":[13,42,70,97,127,143,157,196,217,245,305],"graduation":[14],"rates.":[15],"Using":[16],"evidence":[17],"two":[19],"panels":[20],"of":[21,34,141,227,239,251,268,303],"post-secondary":[22,35,313],"education,":[23],"this":[24,46],"paper":[25],"argues":[26],"that":[27,146,229,242],"incorporating":[28],"2-year":[29,57,81,135,182,260,284],"colleges":[30,41,82,126,285,294],"into":[31],"model":[33,160],"educational":[36],"choice":[37],"together":[38],"work":[43],"can":[44,147],"reconcile":[45],"apparent":[47],"conict.":[48],"ex-post":[50],"return":[51,66,73,254,271],"an":[55,258,309],"academic":[56,80,134,181,259,283],"is":[59,63,161,231,308],"low,":[60],"but":[61],"there":[62],"moderate":[65],"dropping":[68],"out":[69],"large":[72],"transferring":[75],"college:":[79],"act":[83],"as":[84],"stepping":[86],"stone":[87],"in":[88,94,124,129,133,180,206,257,274,282,292,312],"which":[89,168],"agents":[90,104,117,122,186,211],"learn":[91],"about":[92,108,153],"themselves":[93],"cheaper":[96],"less":[98,188,197,218],"demanding":[99],"environment.":[100],"In":[101],"the":[102,119,130,139,164,225,243,252,263,269],"model,":[103],"are":[105,169,187,212],"initially":[106,178,204],"uncertain":[107],"their":[109],"innate":[110],"ability":[111,235],"accumulate":[113],"human":[114],"capital.":[115],"Pessimistic":[116],"join":[118],"workforce,":[120],"optimistic":[121],"enroll":[123,132],"those":[128,177,203,228],"middle":[131],"colleges.":[136,276],"Exams":[137],"govern":[138],"accumulation":[140],"credits":[142],"produce":[144],"information":[145],"be":[148],"used":[149],"update":[151],"beliefs":[152],"ability,":[154],"inducing":[155],"dropouts":[156],"transfers.":[158],"consistent":[162],"following":[165],"stylized":[166],"facts":[167],"documented":[170],"for":[171,249],"both":[172],"data":[173],"sets:":[174],"(1)":[175],"Among":[176,202],"enrolled":[179,205],"colleges,":[183,208],"more":[184,192,209,213],"able":[185,210],"likely":[189,193,198,214,219],"graduate,":[191],"transfer,":[195],"dropout;":[200],"(2)":[201],"graduate":[216],"dropout":[221,244,264],"or":[222],"transfer;":[223],"(3)":[224],"composition":[226],"transfer":[230,246],"weighted":[232],"toward":[233],"higher":[234],"students.":[236],"A":[237],"decomposition":[238],"show":[241],"option":[247,265,306],"account":[248],"90%":[250],"full":[253,270],"enrolling":[256,273],"while":[262,290],"explain":[266],"70%":[267],"Full":[277],"insurance":[278],"would":[279,295],"reduce":[280],"17%":[287],"5%,":[289],"rise":[296],"25%":[298],"42%.":[300],"interaction":[302],"risk":[304],"value":[307],"important":[310],"force":[311],"education.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
