{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2337779398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","title":"The Risk of Breast Cancer after Irradiation of the Thymus in Infancy","display_name":"The Risk of Breast Cancer after Irradiation of the Thymus in Infancy","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2337779398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","mag":"2337779398","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejm198911093211901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048946695","display_name":"Nancy G. Hildreth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy G. Hildreth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, N.Y. 14642"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, N.Y. 14642","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054222139","display_name":"Roy E. Shore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6842-2248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6842-2248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086933","display_name":"NYU Langone Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005dvqh91","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy E. Shore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, . Address reprint requests to Dr. Hildreth at the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 644, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, . Address reprint requests to Dr. Hildreth at the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 644, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I5388228","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028362627","display_name":"Philip M. Dvoretsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip M. Dvoretsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":252,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9844584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"321","issue":"19","first_page":"1281","last_page":"1284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11359","display_name":"Effects of Radiation Exposure","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11359","display_name":"Effects of Radiation Exposure","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.0737999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14078","display_name":"Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"breast cancer","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-radiation-exposure","display_name":"pediatric radiation exposure","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymus-irradiation","display_name":"thymus irradiation","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-therapy","display_name":"X-ray therapy","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionizing-radiation-carcinogenesis","display_name":"ionizing radiation carcinogenesis","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-response-relationship","display_name":"dose-response relationship","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excess-relative-risk","display_name":"excess relative risk","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8455924987792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.7239750623703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18231593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186161","display_name":"Ionizing radiation","level":3,"score":0.7100804448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6925368309020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.6151549220085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4987771511077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.4770854413509369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778001805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189961","display_name":"Mammary gland","level":4,"score":0.465997576713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.44414186477661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.42752814292907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4244786202907562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.4032852351665497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.367410808801651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.359219491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111337013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837","display_name":"Irradiation","level":2,"score":0.33514726161956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004307","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009381","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009381","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009518","descriptor_name":"New York","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013950","descriptor_name":"Thymus Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejm198911093211901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198911093211901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2797100","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The New England journal of medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1804726390","display_name":"HUMAN RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS STUDY","funder_award_id":"5r01ca019764-09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8917869136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5-RO1-CA-19764","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562868126","https://openalex.org/W1543254955","https://openalex.org/W1831208112","https://openalex.org/W1899186548","https://openalex.org/W1902732884","https://openalex.org/W1949120056","https://openalex.org/W1959778924","https://openalex.org/W1963888995","https://openalex.org/W1967754700","https://openalex.org/W1973997033","https://openalex.org/W2005665461","https://openalex.org/W2008240743","https://openalex.org/W2014530124","https://openalex.org/W2032813871","https://openalex.org/W2039457043","https://openalex.org/W2079878657","https://openalex.org/W2133618766","https://openalex.org/W2150000105","https://openalex.org/W2237993566","https://openalex.org/W2319203350","https://openalex.org/W2336959581","https://openalex.org/W2340709654","https://openalex.org/W2397133368","https://openalex.org/W2483023792","https://openalex.org/W2988341218","https://openalex.org/W4300589509","https://openalex.org/W6652624293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141913867","https://openalex.org/W1987359714","https://openalex.org/W2109137604","https://openalex.org/W2614052760","https://openalex.org/W4387045308","https://openalex.org/W1845528705","https://openalex.org/W2136591540","https://openalex.org/W1870444970","https://openalex.org/W2048242866","https://openalex.org/W1974991386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,22,34],"well":[2],"established":[3],"that":[4,175],"exposure":[5,26,176],"to":[6,27,102,111,152,171,181],"ionizing":[7,28,182],"radiation":[8,29,110,146,183],"during":[9],"or":[10],"after":[11,125],"puberty":[12],"increases":[13,186],"a":[14,46,137],"woman's":[15],"risk":[16,139,158,188],"for":[17,57,142],"breast":[18,42,79,113,119,180,190],"cancer,":[19],"but":[20],"it":[21],"less":[23,133],"clear":[24],"whether":[25],"very":[30],"early":[31],"in":[32,45,55,63,81,184,193],"life":[33],"also":[35],"carcinogenic.":[36],"We":[37,173],"studied":[38],"the":[39,82,112,178,187],"incidence":[40],"of":[41,48,71,74,95,109,140,145,159,177,189],"cancer":[43,120,191],"prospectively":[44],"cohort":[47],"1201":[49],"women":[50],"who":[51],"received":[52],"x-ray":[53],"treatment":[54],"infancy":[56,185],"an":[58,69,91,155],"enlarged":[59],"thymus":[60],"gland":[61],"and":[62,85,154],"their":[64,88],"2469":[65],"nonirradiated":[66],"sisters.":[67],"After":[68],"average":[70],"36":[72],"years":[73,124],"follow-up,":[75],"there":[76],"were":[77],"22":[78],"cancers":[80],"irradiated":[83],"group":[84],"12":[86],"among":[87],"sisters,":[89],"yielding":[90],"adjusted":[92],"rate":[93],"ratio":[94],"3.6":[96],"(95":[97,147,166],"percent":[98,148,167],"confidence":[99,149,168],"interval,":[100,150,169],"1.8":[101],"7.3).":[103],"The":[104,117,127],"estimated":[105],"mean":[106],"absorbed":[107],"dose":[108],"was":[114,121,130],"0.69":[115],"Gy.":[116],"first":[118],"diagnosed":[122],"28":[123],"irradiation.":[126],"dose-response":[128],"relation":[129],"linear":[131],"(P":[132],"than":[134],"0.0001),":[135],"with":[136],"relative":[138],"3.48":[141],"1":[143],"Gy":[144],"2.1":[151],"6.2)":[153],"additive":[156],"excess":[157],"5.7":[160],"per":[161,164],"10(4)":[162],"person-years":[163],"gray":[165],"2.9":[170],"9.5).":[172],"conclude":[174],"female":[179],"later":[192],"life.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}