{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2334963546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","title":"Militarization to Nomadization: The Middle and Late Islamic Periods","display_name":"Militarization to Nomadization: The Middle and Late Islamic Periods","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2334963546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","mag":"2334963546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3210733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100189291","display_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","issn_l":"1094-2076","issn":["1094-2076","1557-5594","2325-5404"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316174","host_organization_name":"American Schools of Oriental Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316174"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Schools of Oriental Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079072542","display_name":"Bethany J. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3728-3974","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3728-3974"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bethany J. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079072542"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5422615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"4","first_page":"202","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12999","display_name":"Medieval History and Crusades","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12999","display_name":"Medieval History and Crusades","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10794","display_name":"Islamic Studies and History","score":0.1607999950647354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13441","display_name":"Ottoman Empire History and Society","score":0.14589999616146088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palestine-history","display_name":"Palestine history","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ayyubid-dynasty","display_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mamluk-sultanate","display_name":"Mamluk Sultanate","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ottoman-empire","display_name":"Ottoman Empire","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nomadization","display_name":"nomadization","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-autonomy","display_name":"local autonomy","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suleiman-the-magnificent","display_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jerusalem","display_name":"Jerusalem","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suez-canal","display_name":"Suez Canal","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-mandate","display_name":"British Mandate","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crusader-states","display_name":"Crusader states","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levant","display_name":"Levant","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777898063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947784","display_name":"Mamluk","level":2,"score":0.915298342704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.7734757661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6264114379882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.6014443039894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5629953145980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104562893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47591","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","level":2,"score":0.5169612765312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993946455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560","display_name":"Ottoman empire","level":3,"score":0.49048754572868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.4547601640224457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4287446141242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24371540546417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23805218935012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.23187503218650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3210733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3210733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100189291","display_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","issn_l":"1094-2076","issn":["1094-2076","1557-5594","2325-5404"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316174","host_organization_name":"American Schools of Oriental Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316174"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Schools of Oriental Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:articles-chpa-1224","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-chpa/225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Humanities and Public Affairs","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605894679","https://openalex.org/W2334430036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256666442","https://openalex.org/W4404263539","https://openalex.org/W4228998433","https://openalex.org/W4387509856","https://openalex.org/W3206256832","https://openalex.org/W7124423901","https://openalex.org/W2491124439","https://openalex.org/W3094012041","https://openalex.org/W7098261515","https://openalex.org/W1663163573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"Ayyubid,\"":[0],"\"Mamluk,\"":[1],"and":[2,15,38,54,92,192,197,220,239,259,269],"\"Ottoman\"":[3],"are":[4],"the":[5,13,29,33,36,47,51,57,65,76,95,104,120,127,140,147,159,175,180,187,190,194,201,230,237,250,265,270,277,287,290],"often":[6],"only":[7,136],"vaguely":[8],"familiar":[9],"political":[10],"designations":[11],"of":[12,19,28,35,85,163,167,189,279,289],"Middle":[14],"Late":[16],"Islamic":[17,131],"periods":[18],"Palestine.":[20],"Together":[21],"spanning":[22],"over":[23],"seven":[24],"centuries,":[25],"their":[26,111,117,164,211],"rule":[27,285],"region":[30,207],"began":[31],"under":[32],"leadership":[34],"politically":[37],"militarily":[39],"gifted":[40],"Salah":[41],"al-Din":[42],"(d.":[43],"1193),":[44],"who":[45,88],"established":[46],"Ayyubid":[48],"Dynasty,":[49],"unifying":[50],"Muslim":[52],"Levant":[53],"dealing":[55],"with":[56,81,262],"Frankish":[58],"states":[59],"that":[60],"had":[61],"been":[62],"founded":[63],"by":[64,137],"Crusaders.":[66],"Nearly":[67],"a":[68,71,101,150,206,243,254],"century":[69,252],"later,":[70],"bloodless":[72],"military":[73,96,151],"coup":[74],"brought":[75],"Mamluk":[77,121],"Sultanate":[78,99],"into":[79,116],"being":[80],"its":[82,138],"fascinating":[83],"institution":[84],"importing":[86],"slaves":[87],"were":[89,149],"enculturated,":[90],"educated,":[91],"trained":[93],"in":[94,109,133,156,205,213,236,249,274],"arts.":[97],"The":[98,143],"was":[100,125,225],"novelty,":[102],"representing":[103],"first":[105,160,291],"time":[106],"Mamluks":[107],"succeeded":[108],"creating":[110],"own":[112],"state.":[113],"Incorporating":[114],"Palestine":[115,155],"Cairo-based":[118],"empire,":[119],"empire":[122],"became":[123],"what":[124],"then":[126],"longest":[128],"living,":[129],"autonomous":[130],"state":[132],"Egypt,":[134],"surpassed":[135],"successor,":[139],"Ottoman":[141,172,247,284],"Sultanate.":[142],"Ottomans,":[144],"who,":[145],"like":[146],"Mamluks,":[148],"dynasty,":[152],"swept":[153],"through":[154],"1516.":[157],"In":[158],"hundred":[161],"years":[162],"governance,":[165],"some":[166],"Palestine's":[168],"larger":[169],"towns":[170],"received":[171],"patronage.":[173],"Suleiman":[174],"Magnificent":[176],"stands":[177],"out":[178],"for":[179,221],"attention":[181],"he":[182],"showered":[183],"on":[184],"Jerusalem,":[185],"beautifying":[186],"Dome":[188],"Rock":[191],"repairing":[193],"town's":[195],"walls":[196],"gates.":[198],"Soon,":[199],"however,":[200],"Ottomans":[202],"lost":[203],"interest":[204,278],"so":[208],"distant":[209],"from":[210,229],"capitol":[212],"Anatolia.":[214],"Investment":[215],"gave":[216],"way":[217],"to":[218],"neglect,":[219],"two":[222],"centuries":[223],"there":[224],"little":[226],"governance":[227],"emanating":[228],"central":[231],"administration.":[232],"Tribal":[233],"sheiks":[234],"rose":[235],"vacuum,":[238],"local":[240],"autonomy":[241],"characterized":[242],"fairly":[244],"splintered":[245],"region.":[246],"resurgence":[248],"nineteenth":[251],"imposed":[253],"stronger,":[255],"more":[256],"involved":[257],"government":[258],"ambitious":[260],"projects":[261],"international":[263],"scope:":[264],"Suez":[266],"Canal":[267],"(1869)":[268],"Hijaz":[271],"Railway":[272],"(finished":[273],"1908),":[275],"whetting":[276],"European":[280],"powers.":[281],"Britain":[282],"terminated":[283],"at":[286],"conclusion":[288],"World":[292],"War.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
