{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2334390368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","title":"The Internationalization of U. S. Franchise Systems: Progress and Procedures","display_name":"The Internationalization of U. S. Franchise Systems: Progress and Procedures","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2334390368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","mag":"2334390368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002224297303700208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142990027","display_name":"Journal of Marketing","issn_l":"0022-2429","issn":["0022-2429","1547-7185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marketing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109913708","display_name":"Bruce J. Walker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce J. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042074157","display_name":"Michael J. Etzel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Etzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"apc_list":{"value":5400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3545,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95660119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchising","display_name":"franchising","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-franchising","display_name":"international franchising","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-channels","display_name":"distribution channels","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778440429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171947","display_name":"Franchise","level":2,"score":0.8082224726676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97509610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141064","display_name":"Internationalization","level":2,"score":0.7812142372131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.7524487972259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6143063306808472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5802358984947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5070128440856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4380246698856354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.36993104219436646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27522027492523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.21115270256996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12426203489303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002224297303700208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142990027","display_name":"Journal of Marketing","issn_l":"0022-2429","issn":["0022-2429","1547-7185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marketing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/1250050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1250050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1250050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142990027","display_name":"Journal of Marketing","issn_l":"0022-2429","issn":["0022-2429","1547-7185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marketing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076324459","https://openalex.org/W631999322","https://openalex.org/W2556765499","https://openalex.org/W2024550081","https://openalex.org/W423920393","https://openalex.org/W2467863234","https://openalex.org/W177030020","https://openalex.org/W2105518205","https://openalex.org/W4406709677","https://openalex.org/W2210946387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,5,19,34,40],"1960s,":[2],"franchising":[3,47],"in":[4],"United":[6],"States":[7],"evolved":[8],"from":[9],"a":[10,37],"specialized":[11],"method":[12],"of":[13,36,39,45],"distribution":[14],"to":[15],"an":[16],"\u201cindustry.\u201d":[17],"With":[18],"domestic":[20],"market":[21],"now":[22],"approaching":[23],"maturity,":[24],"franchisors":[25],"are":[26],"expanding":[27,49],"into":[28],"other":[29],"countries.":[30],"This":[31],"article":[32],"reports":[33],"results":[35],"survey":[38],"experiences,":[41],"difficulties,":[42],"and":[43],"prospects":[44],"U.S.":[46],"systems":[48],"abroad.":[50]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}