{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2332899018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","title":"Billy Budd and the Articles of War","display_name":"Billy Budd and the Articles of War","publication_year":1962,"publication_date":"1962-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2332899018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","mag":"2332899018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2922243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183016999","display_name":"American Literature","issn_l":"0002-9831","issn":["0002-9831","1527-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031505053","display_name":"C. B. Ives","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. B. Ives","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031505053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27056189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13174","display_name":"American and British Literature Analysis","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13174","display_name":"American and British Literature Analysis","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10011","display_name":"Literature: history, themes, analysis","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14494","display_name":"American Literature and Culture","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/billy-budd","display_name":"Billy Budd","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herman-melville","display_name":"Herman Melville","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articles-of-war","display_name":"Articles of War","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allegory","display_name":"allegory","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-justice","display_name":"divine justice","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism-in-fiction","display_name":"realism in fiction","score":0.4519999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.48468878865242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.4300519824028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.31472891569137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2922243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2922243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183016999","display_name":"American Literature","issn_l":"0002-9831","issn":["0002-9831","1527-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075194606","https://openalex.org/W2482553131","https://openalex.org/W2800650049","https://openalex.org/W1520948690","https://openalex.org/W2323374188","https://openalex.org/W4210433566","https://openalex.org/W7204959305","https://openalex.org/W2323225998","https://openalex.org/W4413907767","https://openalex.org/W2149596257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"LLEGORY":[1],"is":[2,64,89],"often":[3],"so":[4],"patent":[5],"in":[6,14,94,110,114,153,162,197,235,258,276],"Billy":[7,96],"Budd":[8],"that":[9,51,60,163,224],"many":[10],"critics":[11,176],"have":[12,29,92,149,250,266,271],"found":[13],"the":[15,31,37,40,52,69,81,87,104,115,120,125,154,158,187,209,218,230,239,242,252,262,273],"novel":[16,53],"not":[17,247],"a":[18,34,98,177],"story":[19],"but":[20,124,256],"Melville's":[21],"philosophical":[22],"generalizations":[23],"about":[24],"man's":[25],"fate":[26],"and":[27,44,59,160,220,269],"others":[28,183],"read":[30],"book":[32],"as":[33,80,97,103,137,169],"statement":[35],"regarding":[36],"nature":[38],"of":[39,62,71,107,122,128,143,147,156,164,179,189,195,201,211,229,241,261],"struggle":[41],"between":[42],"good":[43],"evil.":[45],"It":[46],"seems":[47],"to":[48,68,73,91,138,174,182,249,265,270],"me,":[49],"however,":[50],"contains":[54],"realistic":[55,254],"elements":[56,240],"worth":[57],"examining":[58],"one":[61],"these":[63],"Captain":[65,130,227],"Vere's":[66,202],"appeal":[67],"Articles":[70],"War":[72],"justify":[74],"his":[75,139,212,259],"hanging":[76],"Billy.":[77],"As":[78],"far":[79],"three":[82],"main":[83],"characters":[84],"are":[85],"concerned,":[86],"reader":[88],"bound":[90],"difficulty":[93,210,275],"seeing":[95],"human":[99],"being":[100],"rather":[101],"than":[102,119],"very":[105],"type":[106],"Innocence":[108],"or":[109],"finding":[111],"much":[112],"more":[113,135],"Master-at-Arms,":[116],"John":[117],"Claggart,":[118],"soul":[121],"Evil;":[123],"other":[126],"character":[127],"importance,":[129],"Edward":[131],"Fairfax":[132],"Vere,":[133],"presents":[134],"doubt":[136],"representational":[140],"function.":[141],"Critics":[142],"an":[144],"allegorical":[145,199],"turn":[146],"mind":[148],"sometimes":[150,161],"cast":[151],"him":[152],"role":[155],"God":[157,170],"Father":[159],"Pontius":[165],"Pilate;'":[166],"and,":[167],"although":[168],"he":[171,184],"has":[172,185],"seemed":[173],"some":[175],"representative":[178],"Divine":[180],"Justice,2":[181],"been":[186],"personification":[188],"Cosmic":[190],"Tyranny.3":[191],"This":[192],"comparative":[193],"lack":[194],"distinctness":[196],"any":[198],"meaning":[200],"performance":[203],"arose":[204],"mainly,":[205],"I":[206],"believe,":[207],"from":[208],"problem,":[213],"which":[214],"Melville":[215,245],"based":[216],"on":[217],"real":[219],"widely":[221],"debated":[222],"problem":[223,255],"had":[225],"confronted":[226],"Mackenzie":[228,243],"U.":[231],"S.":[232],"brig":[233],"Somers":[234],"I842.":[236],"In":[237],"using":[238],"Case,":[244],"appears":[246],"only":[248],"retained":[251],"basic":[253],"even,":[257],"alterations":[260],"true":[263],"event,":[264],"added":[267],"tension":[268],"increased":[272],"captain's":[274],"choosing":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}