{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2332245229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","title":"Economics as an Inductive Science","display_name":"Economics as an Inductive Science","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2332245229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","mag":"2332245229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1060421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16296580","display_name":"Southern Economic Journal","issn_l":"0038-4038","issn":["0038-4038","2325-8012"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Southern Economic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067056560","display_name":"Robert W. Clower","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Clower","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067056560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3010},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95252519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"4","first_page":"805","last_page":"805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.04659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomic-theory","display_name":"microeconomic theory","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomic-theory","display_name":"macroeconomic theory","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoclassical-economics","display_name":"neoclassical economics","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-theory","display_name":"pure theory","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-methodology","display_name":"economic methodology","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-economic-thought","display_name":"history of economic thought","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiomatic-analysis","display_name":"axiomatic analysis","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49148786067962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.3598940968513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3345091938972473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1060421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1060421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16296580","display_name":"Southern Economic Journal","issn_l":"0038-4038","issn":["0038-4038","2325-8012"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Southern Economic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W599030216","https://openalex.org/W1493083214","https://openalex.org/W1531897854","https://openalex.org/W1552804914","https://openalex.org/W1566671448","https://openalex.org/W1958380868","https://openalex.org/W1967114797","https://openalex.org/W1967537879","https://openalex.org/W1977382917","https://openalex.org/W1982696152","https://openalex.org/W1989757574","https://openalex.org/W2008745885","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2021465972","https://openalex.org/W2024067477","https://openalex.org/W2025501559","https://openalex.org/W2053347727","https://openalex.org/W2053564429","https://openalex.org/W2053663285","https://openalex.org/W2054939628","https://openalex.org/W2085876379","https://openalex.org/W2129349349","https://openalex.org/W2165807407","https://openalex.org/W2218653510","https://openalex.org/W2235005049","https://openalex.org/W2262011649","https://openalex.org/W2292952522","https://openalex.org/W2320781182","https://openalex.org/W2333836031","https://openalex.org/W2805589139","https://openalex.org/W2895528513","https://openalex.org/W3122020283","https://openalex.org/W3124694777","https://openalex.org/W3125356344","https://openalex.org/W3126667489","https://openalex.org/W3127435702","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412354317","https://openalex.org/W6983240223","https://openalex.org/W2072636306","https://openalex.org/W7038338437","https://openalex.org/W4291820664","https://openalex.org/W828027566","https://openalex.org/W2485913169","https://openalex.org/W4206044974","https://openalex.org/W4249029988","https://openalex.org/W4252695388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All":[0],"who":[1,69],"have":[2],"taught":[3],"macroeconomics":[4,85],"at":[5,60],"any":[6,71],"time":[7],"during":[8],"the":[9,41,87,129,141,179],"past":[10],"forty":[11],"years":[12],"will":[13],"know":[14],"this":[15],"feeling":[16],"well;":[17],"for":[18],"macroeconomic":[19,65],"theory":[131,140],"has":[21],"been":[22],"riddled":[23],"with":[24,81,84],"Kuhnian":[25],"anomalies":[26],"[32,":[27],"202":[28],"ff.]":[29],"since":[30],"its":[31],"inception.":[32],"Strangely,":[33],"few":[34],"teachers":[35],"of":[36,73,145,183,201],"microeconomics":[37],"seem":[38],"embarrassed":[39,80],"by":[40,101,139],"purely":[42],"theoretical":[43],"material":[44],"they":[45,127],"teach":[46,70],"and":[47,55,122,150,189,192],"which":[48],"their":[49],"students":[50],"are":[51],"required":[52],"to":[53,77,91],"read":[54],"regurgitate,":[56],"although":[57],"microtheory":[58],"is":[59,86,155],"least":[61],"as":[62,64,79,83,198],"objectionable":[63],"theory.":[66],"That":[67],"we":[68,137],"kind":[72],"pure":[175],"ought":[76],"be":[78],"microeconomics'":[82],"position":[88],"I":[89,95,104,113,177],"propose":[90],"argue":[92],"here.":[93],"Before":[94],"proceed,":[96],"let":[97],"me":[98],"emphasize":[99],"that":[100,154,196],"do":[105],"not":[106],"mean":[107,125,138,178],"what":[108],"most":[109,116],"working":[110],"economists,":[111],"including,":[112],"imagine,":[114],"our":[115],"recent":[117],"Nobel":[118],"Laureates,":[119],"Douglas":[120],"North":[121],"Robert":[123],"Fogel,":[124],"when":[126],"use":[128],"word":[130],"without":[132],"further":[133],"qualification.":[134],"Generally":[135],"speaking,":[136],"fact-oriented":[142],"creative":[143],"mixture":[144],"intuition,":[146],"casual":[147],"empirical":[148],"knowledge,":[149],"seat-of-the":[151],"pants":[152],"logic":[153],"found":[156],"in":[157,165,204],"virtually":[158,166],"all":[159,205],"applied":[160],"economic":[202],"analysis":[182],"and,":[163],"indeed,":[164],"everything":[167],"called":[168],"economics":[169],"before":[170],"1950":[171],"[20,":[172],"284].":[173],"By":[174],"axiomatically-based":[180],"neowalrasian":[181],"Arrow-Debreu":[184],"[3],":[185],"Debreu":[186],"[15],":[187],"Arrow":[188],"Hahn":[190],"[4]":[191],"closely":[193],"related":[194],"offshoots":[195],"serve":[197],"a":[199],"standard":[200],"correctness":[203],"modern":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}