{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2330799768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","title":"PERSPECTIVE: THE PACE OF MODERN LIFE: MEASURING RATES OF CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION","display_name":"PERSPECTIVE: THE PACE OF MODERN LIFE: MEASURING RATES OF CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2330799768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","mag":"2330799768","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28565449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2330799768"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063300827","display_name":"Andrew P. Hendry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-6667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-6667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew P. Hendry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068343519","display_name":"Michael T. Kinnison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-2118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-2118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael T. Kinnison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Gilman Hall Hanover New Hampshire 03755"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Gilman Hall Hanover New Hampshire 03755","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3214,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3214},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":997,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9910064,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"6","first_page":"1637","last_page":"1637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.6195999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.6195999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.2199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.09610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microevolution","display_name":"microevolution","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-rates","display_name":"evolutionary rates","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-evolution","display_name":"rapid evolution","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"time series","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tempo-of-evolution","display_name":"tempo of evolution","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11710620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680054","display_name":"Microevolution","level":3,"score":0.8301070928573608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6038433313369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6004407405853271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44527532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722612","display_name":"Macroevolution","level":4,"score":0.562341034412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5129556059837341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4558502435684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42799291014671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.42219752073287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4211479425430298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37984129786491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.265394002199173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.22658735513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.17597201466560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15307441353797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.14476656913757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2640428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2640428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2640428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28565449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28565449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution; international journal of organic evolution","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48305999","https://openalex.org/W112013889","https://openalex.org/W123584386","https://openalex.org/W1408983869","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1540596182","https://openalex.org/W1544815196","https://openalex.org/W1906467586","https://openalex.org/W1965294199","https://openalex.org/W1966206981","https://openalex.org/W1969707272","https://openalex.org/W1973628558","https://openalex.org/W1981048891","https://openalex.org/W1986802052","https://openalex.org/W1991100961","https://openalex.org/W1993888207","https://openalex.org/W1996179999","https://openalex.org/W1996460711","https://openalex.org/W2001021915","https://openalex.org/W2002923344","https://openalex.org/W2006099940","https://openalex.org/W2007852579","https://openalex.org/W2011879571","https://openalex.org/W2014588774","https://openalex.org/W2017845865","https://openalex.org/W2017847708","https://openalex.org/W2018297074","https://openalex.org/W2027187280","https://openalex.org/W2033276268","https://openalex.org/W2049845217","https://openalex.org/W2051080053","https://openalex.org/W2052217453","https://openalex.org/W2055819547","https://openalex.org/W2057766485","https://openalex.org/W2061846917","https://openalex.org/W2064051806","https://openalex.org/W2068074687","https://openalex.org/W2070036851","https://openalex.org/W2072793434","https://openalex.org/W2079626788","https://openalex.org/W2081951440","https://openalex.org/W2090820972","https://openalex.org/W2096567770","https://openalex.org/W2105712464","https://openalex.org/W2107763376","https://openalex.org/W2108449539","https://openalex.org/W2118088543","https://openalex.org/W2126676149","https://openalex.org/W2127259491","https://openalex.org/W2154468100","https://openalex.org/W2155595096","https://openalex.org/W2168439782","https://openalex.org/W2215989172","https://openalex.org/W2312436350","https://openalex.org/W2317217362","https://openalex.org/W2318527473","https://openalex.org/W2322715144","https://openalex.org/W2325035367","https://openalex.org/W2325645131","https://openalex.org/W2327636343","https://openalex.org/W2327978877","https://openalex.org/W2328535686","https://openalex.org/W2334039272","https://openalex.org/W2334399120","https://openalex.org/W2335268614","https://openalex.org/W2482945391","https://openalex.org/W2485626368","https://openalex.org/W2503866689","https://openalex.org/W2513771775","https://openalex.org/W2796170397","https://openalex.org/W2797757730","https://openalex.org/W2802252495","https://openalex.org/W2984191933","https://openalex.org/W3146552763","https://openalex.org/W4205420379","https://openalex.org/W4230640447","https://openalex.org/W4247004903","https://openalex.org/W4254162487","https://openalex.org/W4296224447","https://openalex.org/W4299541734","https://openalex.org/W4301224743","https://openalex.org/W6817437553","https://openalex.org/W7099782872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136031948","https://openalex.org/W2171768788","https://openalex.org/W4243275346","https://openalex.org/W4254864409","https://openalex.org/W2482238220","https://openalex.org/W1996179999","https://openalex.org/W6929679610","https://openalex.org/W4253319784","https://openalex.org/W2121050869","https://openalex.org/W2685779244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,300],"evaluate":[1],"methods":[2,202],"for":[3,203],"measuring":[4],"and":[5,29,35,48,63,152,207,234,259,321],"specifying":[6,179,204],"rates":[7,87,96,114,151,180,190,244,307],"of":[8,18,27,40,50,88,97,100,143,170,174,197,232,253,270,283,305,319],"microevolution":[9,175],"in":[10,76,115,136,181,229],"the":[11,33,66,77,111,116,128,153,165,186,230,251,302,309],"wild,":[12,129],"with":[13],"particular":[14],"regard":[15],"to":[16,85,108,148,220,238,249,267,315],"studies":[17,54,81,92,121],"contemporary,":[19],"often":[20],"deemed":[21],"\"rapid,\"":[22],"evolution.":[23],"A":[24,281],"considerable":[25,289],"amount":[26],"ambiguity":[28],"inconsistency":[30],"persists":[31],"within":[32,59],"field,":[34],"we":[36],"provide":[37,245,312],"a":[38,60,73,105,137,168,246,316],"number":[39,169,282],"suggestions":[41],"that":[42,71],"should":[43,213,218],"improve":[44],"study":[45,144],"design,":[46],"inference,":[47],"clarity":[49],"presentation.":[51],"(1)":[52],"Some":[53,120],"measure":[55,65,122,132],"change":[56,123],"over":[57],"time":[58,222,260,275],"population":[61],"(allochronic)":[62],"others":[64,131],"difference":[67],"between":[68],"two":[69],"populations":[70],"had":[72],"common":[74,138],"ancestor":[75],"past":[78],"(synchronic).":[79],"Allochronic":[80],"can":[82,145,225,235,297],"be":[83,146,214,236,298],"used":[84,147,161,237],"estimate":[86,95],"\"evolution,\"":[89],"whereas":[90,130],"synchronic":[91],"more":[93],"appropriately":[94],"\"divergence.\"":[98],"Rates":[99],"divergence":[101],"may":[102],"range":[103,318],"from":[104,127,178],"small":[106],"fraction":[107],"many":[109],"times":[110],"actual":[112],"evolutionary":[113,162,240,306],"component":[117],"populations.":[118],"(2)":[119],"using":[124],"individuals":[125],"captured":[126],"differences":[133],"after":[134],"rearing":[135],"environment.":[139],"The":[140,158],"first":[141],"type":[142],"specify":[149],"\"phenotypic\"":[150],"later":[154],"\"genetic\"":[155],"rates.":[156],"(3)":[157],"most":[159],"commonly":[160],"rate":[163,231,285],"metric,":[164],"darwin,":[166],"has":[167],"theoretical":[171,290,320],"shortcomings.":[172],"Studies":[173],"would":[176],"benefit":[177],"standard":[182],"deviations":[183],"per":[184],"generation,":[185],"haldane.":[187],"(4)":[188],"Evolutionary":[189,243],"are":[191,265,277],"typically":[192],"specified":[193],"without":[194],"an":[195],"indication":[196],"their":[198,295],"precision.":[199],"Readily":[200],"available":[201],"confidence":[205],"intervals":[206],"statistical":[208],"significance":[209],"(regression,":[210],"bootstrapping,":[211],"randomization)":[212],"implemented.":[215],"(5)":[216],"Microevolutionists":[217],"strive":[219],"accumulate":[221],"series,":[223],"which":[224],"reveal":[226],"temporal":[227],"shifts":[228],"evolution":[233,254],"identify":[239],"patterns.":[241],"(6)":[242],"convenient":[247],"way":[248],"compare":[250],"tempo":[252],"across":[255,273],"studies,":[256],"traits,":[257],"taxa,":[258],"scales,":[261],"but":[262,288],"such":[263],"comparisons":[264],"subject":[266],"varying":[268],"degrees":[269],"confidence.":[271],"Comparisons":[272],"different":[274],"scales":[276],"particularly":[278],"tenuous.":[279],"(7)":[280],"multivariate":[284],"measures":[286],"exist,":[287],"development":[291],"is":[292,313],"required":[293],"before":[294],"utility":[296],"determined.":[299],"encourage":[301],"continued":[303],"investigation":[304],"because":[308],"information":[310],"they":[311],"relevant":[314],"wide":[317],"practical":[322],"issues.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":52}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}