{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2329318924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","title":"Cave Adaptation in Amblyopsid Fishes","display_name":"Cave Adaptation in Amblyopsid Fishes","publication_year":1963,"publication_date":"1963-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2329318924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","mag":"2329318924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2423056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132624429","display_name":"The American Midland Naturalist","issn_l":"0003-0031","issn":["0003-0031","1938-4238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316167","host_organization_name":"University of Notre Dame","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316167"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Notre Dame"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Midland Naturalist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076525968","display_name":"Thomas L. Poulson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas L. Poulson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076525968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":319,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96160991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"2","first_page":"257","last_page":"257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11926","display_name":"Subterranean biodiversity and taxonomy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11926","display_name":"Subterranean biodiversity and taxonomy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12319","display_name":"Fish Biology and Ecology Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amblyopsidae","display_name":"Amblyopsidae","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cave-adaptation","display_name":"cave adaptation","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troglobites","display_name":"troglobites","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troglophiles","display_name":"troglophiles","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-degeneration","display_name":"eye degeneration","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigment-loss","display_name":"pigment loss","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olfactory-receptors","display_name":"olfactory receptors","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-limitation","display_name":"food limitation","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-strategies","display_name":"reproductive strategies","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-rate","display_name":"metabolic rate","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swimming-efficiency","display_name":"swimming efficiency","score":0.6230000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171878925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35509","display_name":"Cave","level":2,"score":0.8728731870651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.7282182574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4454555809497833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4247519373893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.3830026388168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.35921531915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.34035351872444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2423056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2423056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132624429","display_name":"The American Midland Naturalist","issn_l":"0003-0031","issn":["0003-0031","1938-4238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316167","host_organization_name":"University of Notre Dame","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316167"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Notre Dame"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Midland Naturalist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W389045013","https://openalex.org/W1492799444","https://openalex.org/W1974436199","https://openalex.org/W1977903159","https://openalex.org/W1997328428","https://openalex.org/W2008372054","https://openalex.org/W2059196600","https://openalex.org/W2127144260","https://openalex.org/W2325328958","https://openalex.org/W2327737310","https://openalex.org/W2328306505","https://openalex.org/W2528262437","https://openalex.org/W2569598619","https://openalex.org/W2897287391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2177843424","https://openalex.org/W2093140091","https://openalex.org/W2078382875","https://openalex.org/W4232340583","https://openalex.org/W2944732678","https://openalex.org/W2099966111","https://openalex.org/W4245780361","https://openalex.org/W2121588077","https://openalex.org/W2886908538","https://openalex.org/W4244378786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,21,224,363],"Amblyopsidae":[1,97],"show":[2],"a":[3,53,294,325,346,371],"sequence":[4,22],"of":[5,58,63,69,82,86,91,170,173,255,261,266,288,296,311,327,345,352,361,365,378,382,398,433,450],"adaptation":[6,71,143,201],"to":[7,103,204,212,248,272,313],"caves":[8,104],"where":[9],"they":[10],"have":[11,390],"no":[12],"predators":[13],"and":[14,37,45,49,74,88,111,118,148,150,158,178,189,192,215,231,250,278,283,309,332,370,395,413,429,436,444],"food":[15,83],"is":[16,23,65,101,269],"the":[17,28,33,38,79,92,96,98,168,289,302,337,353,356,359,374,448],"main":[18],"limiting":[19],"factor.":[20],"shown,":[24],"in":[25,60,72,120,128,137,301,336,349,392,396],"order,":[26],"by":[27,105,210,286],"epigean":[29,99],"species":[30,100],"Chologaster":[31],"cornuta,":[32],"troglophile":[34],"C.":[35],"agassizi,":[36],"three":[39],"troglobites":[40],"Typhlichthys":[41],"subterraneus,":[42],"Amblyopsis":[43],"spelaea,":[44],"A.":[46],"rosae.":[47],"Eye":[48],"pigment":[50,151],"degeneration":[51,64,180],"are":[52,162,334,402,420],"time":[54],"index":[55],"for":[56,355],"length":[57],"isolation":[59],"caves.":[61],"Extent":[62],"correlated":[66],"with":[67,78,239,317],"extent":[68],"cave":[70,76,142,200,241,304,319],"amblyopsids":[73],"other":[75],"fish,":[77],"modifying":[80],"influence":[81],"supply,":[84],"number":[85,254],"predators,":[87],"sensory":[89,113,206],"endowment":[90],"ancestral":[93],"species.":[94,306,340],"In":[95],"preadapted":[102],"having":[106,112],"small":[107],"eyes,":[108],"being":[109],"nocturnal,":[110],"receptors":[114,191],"which":[115],"allow":[116],"feeding":[117],"orientation":[119],"an":[121,129,138],"aphotic":[122,130,139],"environment.":[123,131,140],"However,":[124],"it":[125],"cannot":[126],"survive":[127,136],"Its":[132],"troglophilic":[133],"relative":[134],"can":[135],"As":[141,253],"progresses":[144],"eyes":[145],"become":[146,181,196,229],"reduced":[147],"degenerate":[149],"may":[152],"be":[153],"lost.":[154],"At":[155],"first,":[156],"eye":[157],"optic":[159],"lobe":[160],"variance":[161,165],"high":[163],"but":[164],"decreases":[166,238,257],"as":[167,199,208],"effects":[169],"allometry,":[171],"accumulation":[172],"mutations":[174],"under":[175],"relaxed":[176],"selection,":[177],"ontogenetic":[179],"stabilized.":[182],"Olfactory":[183],"receptors,":[184,186,188],"neuromast":[185],"tactile":[187],"equilibrium":[190],"their":[193,220],"brain":[194],"centers":[195],"more":[197,233,303,338],"hypertrophied":[198],"increases.":[202,223],"Capacity":[203],"integrate":[205],"information,":[207],"reflected":[209],"ability":[211],"detect":[213],"prey":[214],"avoid":[216],"obstacles":[217],"or":[218],"remember":[219],"position,":[221],"also":[222,270,421],"head":[225],"becomes":[226],"larger;":[227],"fins":[228],"longer,":[230],"neuromasts":[232],"exposed.":[234],"Absolute":[235],"growth":[236,268],"rate":[237,260,265],"increasing":[240,273,279,318],"adaptation.":[242,320],"Lower":[243,264],"developmental":[244],"rates":[245,308],"are.":[246],"related":[247,271],"larger":[249],"fewer":[251],"eggs.":[252],"eggs":[256],"so":[258],"does":[259,322],"population":[262,267,297],"growth.":[263],"age":[274],"at":[275,358],"first":[276],"reproduction":[277,285],"longevity.":[280],"These":[281],"changes":[282],"irregular":[284],"few":[287],"potentially":[290],"breeding":[291],"fish":[292],"cause":[293],"shift":[295],"structure":[298],"toward":[299],"adults":[300],"adapted":[305],"Metabolic":[307],"intensity":[310],"reaction":[312],"disturbing":[314],"stimuli":[315],"decrease":[316],"This":[321],"not":[323],"involve":[324],"sacrifice":[326],"activity":[328],"since":[329],"swimming":[330],"frequency":[331],"efficiency":[333],"higher":[335],"specialized":[339],"Acknowledgments.-This":[341],"study":[342,386],"comprised":[343],"part":[344],"dissertation":[347],"submitted":[348],"partial":[350],"fulfillment":[351],"requirements":[354],"Ph.D.":[357],"University":[360,381],"Michigan.":[362],"tenure":[364],"two":[366],"predoctoral":[367],"NSF":[368],"fellowships":[369],"grant-in-aid":[372],"from":[373],"Horace":[375],"Rackham":[376],"School":[377],"Graduate":[379],"Studies,":[380],"Michigan":[383],"aided":[384,391],"this":[385,434,451],"greatly.":[387],"Numerous":[388],"persons":[389],"field":[393],"work":[394],"loan":[397],"specimens.":[399],"Special":[400,418],"thanks":[401,419],"due":[403,422],"Dr.":[404,410,414,437],"Thomas":[405],"Barr,":[406],"Mr.":[407],"James":[408],"Langhammer,":[409],"Fritz":[411],"Whitesell,":[412],"Loren":[415],"P.":[416],"Woods.":[417],"my":[423],"wife":[424],"Elizabeth,":[425],"who":[426,441],"patiently":[427],"reviewed":[428],"typed":[430],"many":[431],"versions":[432],"manuscript,":[435],"William":[438],"R.":[439],"Dawson,":[440],"provided":[442],"guidance":[443],"stimulating":[445],"criticism":[446],"throughout":[447],"course":[449],"study.":[452]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}