{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2328560945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","title":"Malarial Morbidity and Postnatal HIV Infection in Breastfeeding HIV-exposed Infants","display_name":"Malarial Morbidity and Postnatal HIV Infection in Breastfeeding HIV-exposed Infants","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2328560945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","mag":"2328560945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015299533","display_name":"Amara Esther Ezeamama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amara Ezeamama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Georgia, B.S. Miller Hall Room 125, 101 Buck Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Georgia, B.S. Miller Hall Room 125, 101 Buck Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015299533"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23431279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.051899999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria","display_name":"malaria","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breastfeeding","display_name":"breastfeeding","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-exposed-infants","display_name":"HIV-exposed infants","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mother-to-child-transmission","display_name":"mother-to-child transmission","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-malaria","display_name":"clinical malaria","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-prevention","display_name":"malaria prevention","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dar-es-salaam","display_name":"Dar es Salaam","score":0.9319999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174876","display_name":"Breastfeeding","level":2,"score":0.8999841213226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.7963755130767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6538602709770203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.5065234899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.36193719506263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.34061068296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.32534030079841614}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journalijtdh.com:article/663","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/view/663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2278-1005","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2014/6085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543446144","https://openalex.org/W1975953539","https://openalex.org/W1980712697","https://openalex.org/W1994333367","https://openalex.org/W2001162228","https://openalex.org/W2018340707","https://openalex.org/W2021338594","https://openalex.org/W2035134577","https://openalex.org/W2036660987","https://openalex.org/W2057882332","https://openalex.org/W2082888620","https://openalex.org/W2083547256","https://openalex.org/W2098537325","https://openalex.org/W2108992546","https://openalex.org/W2112580924","https://openalex.org/W2114150544","https://openalex.org/W2115830594","https://openalex.org/W2122044129","https://openalex.org/W2122047942","https://openalex.org/W2124615191","https://openalex.org/W2126772131","https://openalex.org/W2147295679","https://openalex.org/W2149245973","https://openalex.org/W2149463782","https://openalex.org/W2161414269","https://openalex.org/W2161773592","https://openalex.org/W2168715001","https://openalex.org/W2339006876","https://openalex.org/W3145285532","https://openalex.org/W3204440777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098537325","https://openalex.org/W1975953539","https://openalex.org/W1954081860","https://openalex.org/W1934508411","https://openalex.org/W115404870","https://openalex.org/W2307004889","https://openalex.org/W2083868085","https://openalex.org/W2037654071","https://openalex.org/W2143565089","https://openalex.org/W4313241145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"For":[1,77],"at-risk":[2],"HIV-negative":[3,42,231,260],"individuals,":[4],"whether":[5],"malarial":[6,223],"morbidity":[7,63],"increases":[8],"the":[9,21,111,247],"likelihood":[10],"of":[11,24,32,71,113,176,233,249],"HIV":[12,26,51,114,137,178,209,227,250,262],"infection":[13,27,115,224,228],"when":[14],"exposed":[15],"is":[16,94],"unknown.":[17],"Hence,":[18],"we":[19],"investigate":[20],"malaria-associated":[22],"risk":[23,112,175,182,248,264],"postnatal":[25,50,177,226],"in":[28,145,196,242,259],"1804":[29],"breastfeeding":[30,47,230],"infants":[31,43,244],"HIV-positive":[33,234],"women":[34],"from":[35,118],"Dar":[36],"es":[37],"Salaam,":[38],"Tanzania.":[39],"Methods:":[40],"Six-week-old":[41],"were":[44,116,165],"followed":[45],"until":[46],"cessation":[48],"or":[49],"infection.":[52],"HIV-1":[53],"status":[54],"was":[55,64,81,127,143,204],"determined":[56],"by":[57,66,83,184],"a":[58,69],"DNA":[59],"PCR":[60],"test.":[61],"Malarial":[62],"diagnosed":[65,144,159],"physicians":[67],"using":[68,256],"combination":[70],"clinical":[72,141,161,197],"symptoms":[73],"and":[74,98,105,140,152,162,171,188,198,225],"laboratory":[75,92],"tests.":[76],"analytic":[78],"purposes,":[79],"malaria":[80,142,155,164,203,240,258],"distinguished":[82],"diagnostic":[84],"specificity":[85],"as:":[86],"(1)":[87],"clinical;":[88],"(2)":[89],"probable,":[90],"where":[91],"testing":[93],"requested":[95],"for":[96,110],"parasitemia;":[97],"(3)":[99],"blood":[100],"smear-confirmed.":[101],"Hazard":[102],"ratios":[103],"(HR)":[104],"95%":[106],"confidence":[107],"intervals":[108],"(CI)":[109],"estimated":[117],"multivariate":[119],"Cox":[120],"regression":[121],"models.":[122],"Results:":[123],"Mean":[124],"follow-up":[125],"duration":[126],"6.2":[128],"months":[129],"(standard":[130],"deviation=2.4":[131],"months),":[132],"during":[133],"which":[134],"91":[135],"new":[136],"infections":[138],"developed":[139],"594(32.3%)":[146],"children,":[147],"including":[148],"283":[149],"(15.5%)":[150],"probable":[151,163,199],"80(4.4%)":[153],"confirmed":[154,202],"episodes.":[156],"Infants":[157],"ever":[158],"with":[160,208],"at":[166,263],"73%":[167],"(95%CI:1.11":[168],"-":[169,214],"2.69)":[170],"100%":[172],"(95%CI:1.17-3.42)":[173],"higher":[174],"infection,":[179],"respectively.":[180],"This":[181],"increased":[183],"39%":[185],"(95%CI:":[186,190],"1.08-1.80)":[187],"59%":[189],"1.00-2.32),":[191],"respectively,":[192],"per":[193],"episode":[194],"increment":[195],"malarial;":[200],"however,":[201],"not":[205],"significantly":[206],"associated":[207],"incidence":[210],"(HR=2.09;":[211],"95%CI:":[212],"0.74":[213],"5.91).":[215],"Conclusion:":[216],"We":[217],"found":[218],"positive":[219],"associations":[220],"between":[221],"child":[222],"among":[229],"children":[232],"women.":[235],"These":[236],"findings":[237],"suggest":[238],"that":[239],"prevention":[241],"such":[243],"may":[245],"decrease":[246],"mother-to-child-transmission.":[251],"However,":[252],"specific":[253],"future":[254],"studies":[255],"laboratory-confirmed":[257],"but":[261],"populations":[265],"are":[266],"needed":[267],"to":[268],"substantiate":[269],"these":[270],"findings.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}