{"id":"https://openalex.org/W232820784","doi":null,"title":"Towards grammaticality and fluency : characterizing and correcting ESL errors using dictionary random walks and other means","display_name":"Towards grammaticality and fluency : characterizing and correcting ESL errors using dictionary random walks and other means","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W232820784","mag":"232820784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2n9390kk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. M. West","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. M. West","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-second-language","display_name":"English as a second language","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-channel-model","display_name":"noisy channel model","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-choice-errors","display_name":"word choice errors","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-finite-state-transducers","display_name":"weighted finite-state transducers","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-maximization-algorithm","display_name":"expectation-maximization algorithm","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-substitution","display_name":"word substitution","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammaticality","display_name":"grammaticality","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"fluency","score":0.8939999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779525943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187300","display_name":"Grammaticality","level":3,"score":0.8933992385864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6752399206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.603668749332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6011845469474792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.5931469798088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.5896570682525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121194460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856741","display_name":"Random walk","level":2,"score":0.49793434143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4374505579471588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.41308310627937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.323594868183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.29754310846328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23783880472183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2n9390kk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"mag:232820784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2n9390kk/qt2n9390kk.pdf?t=ml5085","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2n9390kk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n9390kk","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W232820784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W232820784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27049869","https://openalex.org/W27508602","https://openalex.org/W1408813051","https://openalex.org/W1582482241","https://openalex.org/W1794495012","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2000359198","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2008225289","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2053742104","https://openalex.org/W2078409719","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2105738468","https://openalex.org/W2119072456","https://openalex.org/W2123388068","https://openalex.org/W2130670943","https://openalex.org/W2132710263","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2161462756","https://openalex.org/W2164859977","https://openalex.org/W2911246871","https://openalex.org/W2950186769","https://openalex.org/W3005278268","https://openalex.org/W3029645440","https://openalex.org/W3196779480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2414365614","https://openalex.org/W7096501997","https://openalex.org/W2101196113","https://openalex.org/W7220652065","https://openalex.org/W6997368639","https://openalex.org/W64414814","https://openalex.org/W2401451642","https://openalex.org/W2144555877","https://openalex.org/W3168071810","https://openalex.org/W7052566827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,86,128],"present":[1],"two":[2],"novel":[3],"classes":[4],"of":[5,34,49,73,89,122],"noisy":[6],"channel":[7],"models":[8,132],"to":[9,94,113,142],"address":[10],"verb":[11,99,136],"infinitive/present":[12],"participle":[13],"confusion":[14,101],"and":[15,36,78,102,106,109,138,145],"word":[16,41,56,140],"choice":[17,42],"production":[18],"errors":[19],"in":[20,31,81,147],"text":[21],"produced":[22],"by":[23,59],"English":[24,55,76],"as":[25,62],"a":[26,63],"second":[27],"language":[28,96],"(ESL)":[29],"authors":[30,61],"an":[32,67,148],"extension":[33],"Park":[35],"Levy":[37],"(2011).":[38],"In":[39],"our":[40],"model,":[43],"which":[44],"is":[45],"the":[46,54,82,120],"primary":[47],"contribution":[48],"this":[50],"work,":[51],"we":[52,118],"model":[53,95,97,115,126],"choices":[57],"made":[58],"ESL":[60],"random":[64,103],"walk":[65],"across":[66],"undirected":[68],"bipartite":[69],"dictionary":[70],"graph":[71],"composed":[72],"edges":[74],"between":[75],"words":[77,80],"associated":[79],"author's":[83],"native":[84],"language.":[85],"use":[87,121],"cascades":[88],"weighted":[90],"finite-state":[91],"transducers":[92],"(wFSTs)":[93],"priors,":[98],"form":[100,137],"walk-induced":[104],"noise,":[105],"observed":[107],"sentences,":[108],"expectation":[110],"maximization":[111],"(EM)":[112],"learn":[114],"parameters.":[116],"Additionally,":[117],"explore":[119],"online":[123],"EM":[124],"for":[125],"training.":[127],"show":[129],"that":[130],"such":[131],"can":[133],"make":[134],"intelligent":[135],"dictionary-based":[139],"substitutions":[141],"improve":[143],"grammaticality":[144],"fluency":[146],"unsupervised":[149],"setting":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}