{"id":"https://openalex.org/W23276402","doi":null,"title":"The History of the Refractory Period: A Neglected Contribution of Felice Fontana.","display_name":"The History of the Refractory Period: A Neglected Contribution of Felice Fontana.","publication_year":1942,"publication_date":"1942-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W23276402","mag":"23276402","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434047","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1218406","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111865706","display_name":"HEBBEL EDWARD HOFF","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H E Hoff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111865706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"635","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12854","display_name":"Neurology and Historical Studies","score":0.21040000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.1761000007390976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractory-period","display_name":"refractory period","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-physiology","display_name":"history of physiology","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-conduction","display_name":"cardiac conduction","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-excitation","display_name":"cardiac excitation","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.6234428882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142424586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307572","display_name":"Refractory (planetary science)","level":2,"score":0.5394059419631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70616116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1736732","display_name":"Refractory period","level":2,"score":0.49467870593070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3890998661518097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3524875342845917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3212416172027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.19512784481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13292288780212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.11644250154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07346916198730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1218406","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2601230","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yale J Biol Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:21434047","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Yale journal of biology and medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.358.4950","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.358.4950","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/92/1d/Yale_J_Biol_Med_1942_Jul_14(6)_635-672.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:23276402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1218406","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2601230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28658614","https://openalex.org/W160289061","https://openalex.org/W198532451","https://openalex.org/W209864032","https://openalex.org/W1531402509","https://openalex.org/W2033667389","https://openalex.org/W2054817104","https://openalex.org/W2057765075","https://openalex.org/W2069150257","https://openalex.org/W2087499226","https://openalex.org/W2096883889","https://openalex.org/W2099326967","https://openalex.org/W2105669432","https://openalex.org/W2105844673","https://openalex.org/W2113144077","https://openalex.org/W2125776201","https://openalex.org/W2133531206","https://openalex.org/W2134143967","https://openalex.org/W2144625636","https://openalex.org/W2149878821","https://openalex.org/W2160697719","https://openalex.org/W2162274668","https://openalex.org/W2171009830","https://openalex.org/W2171012064","https://openalex.org/W2172957116","https://openalex.org/W2233371368","https://openalex.org/W2398408919","https://openalex.org/W2399506880","https://openalex.org/W2416111319","https://openalex.org/W2503680602","https://openalex.org/W2510969761","https://openalex.org/W2903432753","https://openalex.org/W2965068417"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W64953195","https://openalex.org/W1524528159","https://openalex.org/W2069899220","https://openalex.org/W589964934","https://openalex.org/W7095784168","https://openalex.org/W1975476275","https://openalex.org/W4249566234","https://openalex.org/W93034949","https://openalex.org/W7023821686","https://openalex.org/W2743893902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,26,38,40,56,76,115,129,142,148,163,200,222,229,264,277,287],"the":[2,10,13,24,34,45,66,87,92,96,110,121,136,143,155,160,201,237,242,258,262,273,279,288,313],"most":[3,156],"universally":[4],"recognized":[5,185],"phenomena":[6],"in":[7,33,126,152,212],"physiology":[8],"is":[9,42,49,84,117,124,168,183,193],"fact":[11],"that":[12,196,257,270],"heart":[14,67,97],"loses":[15],"its":[16,209],"capacity":[17],"to":[18,20,73,120,188,269,311],"respond":[19],"a":[21,53,74,100,127,213,265],"stimulus":[22,75],"at":[23],"onset":[25],"systole,":[27],"and":[28,48,61,131,145,151,178,181,207],"progressively":[29],"recovers":[30],"it":[31,194,205],"later":[32],"cycle.":[35],"This":[36,81],"interval":[37,55],"suspension":[39],"irritability":[41],"designated":[43],"as":[44,86,186],"refractory":[46,89,94,202,266,289],"period,":[47,203],"classically":[50],"divided":[51],"into":[52],"primary":[54,243],"complete":[57],"or":[58,240,305],"absolute":[59],"refractoriness":[60,116],"an":[62],"ensuing":[63],"period":[64,95,267,290],"when":[65],"will":[68],"indeed":[69],"respond,":[70],"but":[71,123,308],"only":[72],"greater":[77],"than":[78,105],"normal":[79,144],"intensity.":[80],"second":[82],"phase":[83],"known":[85],"relatively":[88,93],"period.":[90,112],"Following":[91],"may":[98,250],"for":[99,138,159,260],"short":[101],"time":[102],"be":[103,233],"more":[104],"normally":[106],"irritable;":[107],"this":[108,171],"constitutes":[109],"supernormal":[111],"The":[113,253,285],"phenomenon":[114],"not":[118,226],"confined":[119],"heart,":[122],"found":[125],"variety":[128],"muscular":[130],"nervous":[132],"tissues.":[133],"It":[134],"forms":[135],"basis":[137],"understanding":[139],"many":[140,219,299],"features":[141],"pathological":[146],"behavior":[147],"these":[149],"tissues,":[150],"particular":[153],"furnishes":[154],"attractive":[157],"explanation":[158],"rhythmic":[161],"activity":[162],"various":[164],"organs.":[165],"Classically,":[166],"Marey":[167],"credited":[169,234],"with":[170,235,293],"important":[172],"discovery.":[173,190],"Earlier":[174],"work":[175],"by":[176,179],"Bowditch,":[177],"Kronecker":[180],"Stirling":[182],"occasionally":[184],"contributing":[187],"Marey's":[189],"Only":[191],"rarely":[192],"appreciated":[195],"Moritz":[197],"Schiff":[198,218],"knew":[199],"demonstrated":[204],"experimentally,":[206],"extended":[208],"theoretical":[210],"applications":[211],"manner":[214],"strikingly":[215],"modern.":[216],"Before":[217],"physiologists":[220,300],"wrote":[221],"it,":[223],"precisely,":[224],"if":[225],"extensively.":[227],"None":[228],"these,":[230],"however,":[231],"can":[232],"originating":[236,261],"philosophical":[238],"concept":[239],"adducing":[241],"experimental":[244],"proof,":[245],"however":[246],"great":[247],"their":[248],"contributions":[249],"have":[251],"been.":[252],"evidence":[254],"seems":[255],"indisputable":[256],"credit":[259],"idea":[263],"belongs":[268],"remarkable":[271],"Italian,":[272],"\"vir":[274],"illustrissimi":[275],"\"":[276],"Haller,":[278],"Abbe":[280],"Felice":[281],"Gaspar":[282],"Ferdinand":[283],"Fontana.(30)":[284],"history":[286],"thus":[291],"began":[292],"Fontana.":[294],"Immediately":[295],"following":[296],"him":[297],"came":[298],"who":[301,309],"accepted":[302],"his":[303],"views":[304],"rejected":[306],"them,":[307],"failed":[310],"study":[312],"subject":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
