{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2326499185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","title":"Primary Commodities and War: Congo-Brazzaville's Ambivalent Resource Curse","display_name":"Primary Commodities and War: Congo-Brazzaville's Ambivalent Resource Curse","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2326499185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","mag":"2326499185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/4150124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764871768","display_name":"Comparative Politics","issn_l":"0010-4159","issn":["0010-4159","2151-6227"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365331599","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365331599"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["City University of New York"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ENGPCA.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085143213","display_name":"Pierre Englebert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-7647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-7647"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Englebert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033856444","display_name":"James Ron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0987-060X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0987-060X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-6920"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Ron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96847174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-curse","display_name":"resource curse","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-war","display_name":"civil war","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil","display_name":"oil","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crude-oil","display_name":"crude oil","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-commodities","display_name":"primary commodities","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/republic-of-the-congo","display_name":"Republic of the Congo","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-instability","display_name":"political instability","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peace-settlement","display_name":"peace settlement","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-polarization","display_name":"ethnic polarization","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separatism","display_name":"separatism","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warlordism","display_name":"warlordism","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-conflict","display_name":"elite conflict","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780761599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72596","display_name":"Resource curse","level":3,"score":0.7512820959091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.6171095371246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5896501541137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29985473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460","display_name":"Natural resource","level":2,"score":0.57712721824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780219775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1489259","display_name":"Superpower","level":3,"score":0.5756494998931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5184099674224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.5183678269386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780273121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109411","display_name":"Curse","level":2,"score":0.5022506713867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776515129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7306218","display_name":"Redress","level":2,"score":0.48560208082199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4548625648021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778227311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575688","display_name":"Militarization","level":3,"score":0.4510495066642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.44467875361442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.43330901861190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40593206882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3418395221233368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23520496487617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17299288511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/4150124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4150124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764871768","display_name":"Comparative Politics","issn_l":"0010-4159","issn":["0010-4159","2151-6227"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365331599","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365331599"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["City University of New York"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ENGPCA","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ENGPCA","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ENGPCA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/ENGPCA","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/ENGPCA","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ENGPCA","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ENGPCA","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ENGPCA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2326499185.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2326499185.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488196184","https://openalex.org/W2025872058","https://openalex.org/W2029482322","https://openalex.org/W2037161998","https://openalex.org/W2068755438","https://openalex.org/W2093084984","https://openalex.org/W2104616630","https://openalex.org/W2123219467","https://openalex.org/W2139892502","https://openalex.org/W2140881368","https://openalex.org/W2156625419","https://openalex.org/W2167940296","https://openalex.org/W2333077126","https://openalex.org/W3040435102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6986271332","https://openalex.org/W2160232843","https://openalex.org/W7096098608","https://openalex.org/W2161361863","https://openalex.org/W2039067333","https://openalex.org/W2118200461","https://openalex.org/W2164072245","https://openalex.org/W2735821521","https://openalex.org/W2946379151","https://openalex.org/W4229965880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oil":[0,38],"contributed":[1],"to":[2,41,53],"civil":[3,95],"war":[4],"in":[5,17],"the":[6,18,29,44,54,74],"Republic":[7],"of":[8],"Congo,":[9],"but":[10,43],"this":[11],"conflict":[12],"would":[13],"never":[14],"have":[15],"arisen":[16],"first":[19],"place":[20],"had":[21],"democratization":[22],"not":[23,77],"generated":[24],"substantial":[25],"political":[26],"instability.":[27],"Once":[28],"fighting":[30],"began,":[31],"moreover,":[32],"petroleum's":[33],"overall":[34],"effect":[35],"was":[36],"ambiguous.":[37],"tempted":[39],"elites":[40],"fight,":[42],"oil":[45,58],"fields'":[46],"remote":[47],"location":[48],"also":[49],"limited":[50],"most":[51],"combat":[52],"capital":[55],"city.":[56],"Later,":[57],"money":[59],"helped":[60],"underwrite":[61],"a":[62],"1999":[63],"peace":[64],"settlement.":[65],"Despite":[66],"polarization":[67],"among":[68],"Congo's":[69],"three":[70],"main":[71],"ethnoregional":[72],"groups,":[73],"country":[75],"did":[76],"fracture":[78],"into":[79],"ethnic,":[80],"secessionist,":[81],"or":[82],"warlord":[83],"zones.":[84],"Thus,":[85],"Congo":[86],"qualifies":[87],"prevailing":[88],"theories":[89],"linking":[90],"natural":[91],"primary":[92],"commodities":[93],"and":[94],"war.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
