{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2326372913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","title":"How Do You Falsify a Question?: Crucial Tests versus Crucial Demonstrations","display_name":"How Do You Falsify a Question?: Crucial Tests versus Crucial Demonstrations","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2326372913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","mag":"2326372913"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186954","display_name":"PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","issn_l":"0270-8647","issn":["0270-8647","2327-9486"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090242661","display_name":"Douglas Allchin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-5155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-5155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Allchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090242661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42741055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1992","issue":"1","first_page":"74","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioenergetics","display_name":"bioenergetics","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falsification","display_name":"falsification","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-controversy","display_name":"scientific controversy","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paradigm-shift","display_name":"paradigm shift","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-change","display_name":"scientific change","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-development","display_name":"theory development","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-justification","display_name":"empirical justification","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-science","display_name":"history of science","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuhn","display_name":"Kuhn","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7103089094161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5925505757331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4832473695278168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36725014448165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32274630665779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.32231849431991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.206889808177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1375693380832672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.1.192745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186954","display_name":"PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","issn_l":"0270-8647","issn":["0270-8647","2327-9486"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32328574","https://openalex.org/W35690261","https://openalex.org/W63252099","https://openalex.org/W136713756","https://openalex.org/W140636715","https://openalex.org/W562250945","https://openalex.org/W606840530","https://openalex.org/W653881407","https://openalex.org/W1480635899","https://openalex.org/W1562680794","https://openalex.org/W1571895365","https://openalex.org/W1582174699","https://openalex.org/W1592042054","https://openalex.org/W1601633947","https://openalex.org/W1607139806","https://openalex.org/W1952655298","https://openalex.org/W1964126982","https://openalex.org/W1965063292","https://openalex.org/W1969017311","https://openalex.org/W1976266239","https://openalex.org/W1987585417","https://openalex.org/W2001581545","https://openalex.org/W2002692855","https://openalex.org/W2015094047","https://openalex.org/W2017660912","https://openalex.org/W2037554273","https://openalex.org/W2042349004","https://openalex.org/W2043143402","https://openalex.org/W2046042776","https://openalex.org/W2050283732","https://openalex.org/W2050528502","https://openalex.org/W2058558662","https://openalex.org/W2073638186","https://openalex.org/W2077996001","https://openalex.org/W2078829304","https://openalex.org/W2082114799","https://openalex.org/W2086369306","https://openalex.org/W2112084870","https://openalex.org/W2128450924","https://openalex.org/W2141933295","https://openalex.org/W2149976093","https://openalex.org/W2170407368","https://openalex.org/W2299719510","https://openalex.org/W2314539249","https://openalex.org/W2399543709","https://openalex.org/W2412141263","https://openalex.org/W2414108889","https://openalex.org/W2481084490","https://openalex.org/W2752443224","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W3162439866","https://openalex.org/W4231643211","https://openalex.org/W4254091289","https://openalex.org/W4301444986","https://openalex.org/W4388252731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314539249","https://openalex.org/W11896079","https://openalex.org/W1040572805","https://openalex.org/W2296786321","https://openalex.org/W7204722179","https://openalex.org/W4414864609","https://openalex.org/W2035750208","https://openalex.org/W1990903282","https://openalex.org/W1984021405","https://openalex.org/W1221629146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"is":[1,100],"the":[2,25,31,115,132],"deep":[3],"disagreement":[4],"between":[5,55],"what":[6],"Kuhn":[7],"characterized":[8],"as":[9],"paradigms":[10],"ultimately":[11],"resolved":[12],"and":[13,33,80,109,112,139],"how":[14],"do":[15],"we":[16],"interpret":[17],"such":[18],"debates":[19],"epistemically?":[20],"A":[21],"close":[22],"analysis":[23],"of":[24,43,48,74,117],"Ox-Phos":[26,98],"Controversy":[27,99],"in":[28,82],"bioenergetics":[29],"from":[30,77],"1960s":[32],"70s":[34],"(\u00a7\u00a72-3":[35],"below)":[36],"suggests":[37,70,91],"that":[38],"one":[39],"justifies":[40],"a":[41,71],"set":[42],"questions":[44],"through":[45,58],"an":[46,101],"ensemble":[47],"empirical":[49,134],"demonstrations.":[50],"This":[51],"contrasts":[52],"to":[53,85],"decisions":[54],"theoretical":[56],"alternatives":[57],"\u2018crucial":[59],"experiments'.":[60],"When":[61],"viewed":[62],"along":[63],"with":[64],"other":[65],"historical":[66],"episodes,":[67],"this":[68],"case":[69,104],"philosophical":[72],"category":[73],"\u2018demonstrations',":[75],"distinguished":[76],"crucial":[78],"tests":[79],"complementary":[81],"justificatory":[83],"status":[84],"falsifying":[86],"instances.":[87],"The":[88,97],"distinction":[89],"also":[90,137],"specific":[92],"strategies":[93],"for":[94,105,113],"scientists":[95],"(\u00a74).":[96],"especially":[102],"valuable":[103],"studying":[106],"theory":[107],"development":[108],"scientific":[110],"change,":[111],"investigating":[114],"problems":[116],"disagreement,":[118],"originally":[119],"highlighted":[120],"by":[121],"Kuhn,":[122],"where":[123],"two":[124],"incompatible":[125],"conceptual":[126],"or":[127],"experimental":[128],"gestalts":[129],"converge":[130],"on":[131],"same":[133],"domain":[135],"(see":[136],"Gilbert":[138],"Mulkay":[140],"1984a;":[141],"1984b;":[142],"Robinson":[143],"1984;":[144],"1986;":[145,147,149],"Rowen":[146],"Weber":[148],"1991;":[150],"Allchin":[151],"1990;":[152],"1991).":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
