{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2325344784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","title":"How blockchain-timestamped protocols could improve the trustworthiness of medical science","display_name":"How blockchain-timestamped protocols could improve the trustworthiness of medical science","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2325344784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","mag":"2325344784","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27239273","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4866630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/5-222/v3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/5-222/v3/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072477133","display_name":"Greg J Irving","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-3700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-3700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Greg Irving","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OSR, UK","Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OSR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OSR, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OSR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109281648","display_name":"John Holden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Holden","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Practitioner, Garswood Surgery, St. Helens, Lancashire, WN4 0XD, UK","General Practitioner, Garswood Surgery, St. Helens, Lancashire, WN4 0XD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Practitioner, Garswood Surgery, St. Helens, Lancashire, WN4 0XD, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Practitioner, Garswood Surgery, St. Helens, Lancashire, WN4 0XD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072477133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":11.1732,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98290453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"222","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":true,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.017400000244379044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"data integrity","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-publication","display_name":"selective publication","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-hacking","display_name":"p-hacking","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-integrity","display_name":"research integrity","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditability","display_name":"auditability","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-trustworthiness","display_name":"research trustworthiness","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8980878591537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7622146606445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6364949941635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993209047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91248609","display_name":"Scientific integrity","level":2,"score":0.6242913007736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95121780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428632","display_name":"Scientific misconduct","level":3,"score":0.5799483060836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5171036720275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4956775903701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.49015673995018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4818381071090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.46300366520881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983643791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999993","display_name":"Open peer review","level":3,"score":0.45596593618392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4472964406013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36905768513679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36674168705940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35935890674591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.22577032446861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.20374885201454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.20034265518188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19036349654197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17992925643920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14803767204284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1411784589290619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13306650519371033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992936677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Plant biology","level":2,"score":0.09309333562850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/5-222/v3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3846216","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4866630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4866630","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4866630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:27239273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27239273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7baca9f799f24ff7a9cbf68cf0248efe","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7baca9f799f24ff7a9cbf68cf0248efe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research, Vol 5 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8114.3","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/5-222/v3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2325344784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2325344784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003075952","https://openalex.org/W2105988708","https://openalex.org/W2153685590","https://openalex.org/W2230873895","https://openalex.org/W2621605866","https://openalex.org/W4416597285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2521874888","https://openalex.org/W2538325702","https://openalex.org/W2754771141","https://openalex.org/W2917431061","https://openalex.org/W4386514169","https://openalex.org/W2989687495","https://openalex.org/W3010751029","https://openalex.org/W2509783575","https://openalex.org/W3216744609","https://openalex.org/W2978755854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trust":[0],"in":[1,42],"scientific":[2,92],"research":[3],"is":[4],"diminished":[5],"by":[6,49],"evidence":[7],"that":[8,25],"data":[9,15],"are":[10,20],"being":[11],"manipulated.":[12],"Outcome":[13],"switching,":[14],"dredging":[16],"and":[17,87],"selective":[18],"publication":[19],"some":[21],"of":[22,29,39,76,91],"the":[23,27,74,89],"problems":[24],"undermine":[26],"integrity":[28],"published":[30],"research.":[31],"Methods":[32],"for":[33],"using":[34,59],"blockchain":[35,77],"to":[36,53,85],"provide":[37],"proof":[38],"pre-specified":[40],"endpoints":[41],"clinical":[43,61],"trial":[44,62],"protocols":[45],"were":[46],"first":[47],"reported":[48],"Carlisle.":[50],"We":[51],"wished":[52],"empirically":[54],"test":[55],"such":[56],"an":[57],"approach":[58],"a":[60,79],"protocol":[63],"where":[64],"outcome":[65],"switching":[66],"has":[67],"previously":[68],"been":[69],"reported.":[70],"Here":[71],"we":[72],"confirm":[73,88],"use":[75],"as":[78],"low":[80],"cost,":[81],"independently":[82],"verifiable":[83],"method":[84],"audit":[86],"reliability":[90],"studies.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}