{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2323747733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","title":"Of Nulls and Norms","display_name":"Of Nulls and Norms","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2323747733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","mag":"2323747733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186954","display_name":"PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","issn_l":"0270-8647","issn":["0270-8647","2327-9486"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050102668","display_name":"Peter Godfrey\u2010Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-3661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-3661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Godfrey-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050102668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1994","issue":"1","first_page":"280","last_page":"290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.444599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.444599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.39989998936653137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14460","display_name":"Literary, Cultural, Historical Analysis","score":0.03290000185370445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neyman-pearson-test","display_name":"Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-hypothesis","display_name":"null hypothesis","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatism","display_name":"pragmatism","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jerzy-neyman","display_name":"Jerzy Neyman","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-statistics","display_name":"philosophy of statistics","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-decision-theory","display_name":"statistical decision theory","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-decision-making","display_name":"scientific decision-making","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191988596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628374","display_name":"Null hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.7386105060577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.5867584943771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5776011943817139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.4824860394001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158573231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126692","display_name":"Pragmatism","level":2,"score":0.47281399369239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.4493022561073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120577422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843558","display_name":"Alternative hypothesis","level":3,"score":0.44860461354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.4421170651912689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.39054441452026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3716474175453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3630549907684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.33802783489227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32953059673309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2748168110847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186954","display_name":"PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","issn_l":"0270-8647","issn":["0270-8647","2327-9486"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W606840530","https://openalex.org/W1504336393","https://openalex.org/W1541831804","https://openalex.org/W1975446127","https://openalex.org/W1990317593","https://openalex.org/W2046495522","https://openalex.org/W2048208618","https://openalex.org/W2059227926","https://openalex.org/W2062817332","https://openalex.org/W2077813566","https://openalex.org/W2120176508","https://openalex.org/W2315011438","https://openalex.org/W2321502976","https://openalex.org/W2606425006","https://openalex.org/W2792501672","https://openalex.org/W2800171621","https://openalex.org/W4242591262","https://openalex.org/W4253346700","https://openalex.org/W4255783720","https://openalex.org/W4300754056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949170360","https://openalex.org/W7206213775","https://openalex.org/W2062817332","https://openalex.org/W3132175775","https://openalex.org/W7097901429","https://openalex.org/W2089574116","https://openalex.org/W2889190869","https://openalex.org/W1987558570","https://openalex.org/W18710476","https://openalex.org/W3089057892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0,99],"the":[1,5,13,63,79,82,86,116,120,142],"Neyman-Pearson":[2,55,154],"approach":[3],"to":[4,38,49,52,59,148],"testing":[6,105],"of":[7,24,32,65,81,88,104,131,135],"statistical":[8],"hypotheses":[9,61],"was":[10,18,110,118],"introduced":[11],"in":[12,46,62,73,106],"1930's":[14],"and":[15,68,125],"1940's":[16],"it":[17,51],"presented":[19,100],"with":[20,112],"an":[21,71,102],"accompanying":[22],"philosophy":[23,117],"science.":[25],"Jerzy":[26],"Neyman":[27],"held":[28],"a":[29,47,150],"strong":[30],"form":[31],"pragmatism.":[33],"He":[34],"sought":[35],"not":[36,141],"just":[37],"model":[39],"scientific":[40],"decision":[41],"on":[42],"practical":[43,53],"decision,":[44],"but":[45],"sense":[48],"reduce":[50],"decision.":[54],"techniques":[56],"are":[57,140],"used":[58],"compare":[60],"light":[64],"experimental":[66],"data,":[67],"they":[69,139],"contain":[70],"asymmetry,":[72],"that":[74],"one":[75],"hypothesis\u2014the":[76],"\u201cnull\u201d\u2014typically":[77],"gets":[78,91],"benefit":[80,93],"doubt.":[83],"For":[84],"Neyman,":[85],"choice":[87],"which":[89],"hypothesis":[90],"this":[92,108],"is":[94],"governed":[95],"by":[96],"behavioral":[97],"considerations.":[98],"as":[101],"account":[103],"science":[107],"claim":[109],"met":[111],"vigorous":[113],"resistance.":[114],"Though":[115],"controversial,":[119],"methods":[121],"became":[122],"standard.":[123],"Philosophers":[124],"statisticans":[126],"have":[127,146],"produced":[128],"alternative":[129],"interpretations":[130],"many":[132],"distinctive":[133],"features":[134],"these":[136],"tests.":[137],"But":[138],"only":[143],"ones":[144],"who":[145],"had":[147],"give":[149],"new":[151],"rationale":[152],"for":[153],"methods.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}