{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2322728744","doi":null,"title":"Effects of Demographics on the Relationship between Optimism and Work Engagement among Employees of State Agencies in Kenya","display_name":"Effects of Demographics on the Relationship between Optimism and Work Engagement among Employees of State Agencies in Kenya","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2322728744","mag":"2322728744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.localhost:article/29350","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","pdf_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401197","display_name":"Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Resources Development and Management; Vol 18 (2016); 32-42","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055229565","display_name":"Richard Kipter Rotich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Kipter Rotich","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087333257","display_name":"Thomas Kimeli Cheruiyot","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kimeli Cheruiyot","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039914300","display_name":"Michael Korir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2992-690X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2992-690X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Korir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78818002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"32","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14220","display_name":"Workaholism, burnout, and well-being","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism","display_name":"optimism","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-engagement","display_name":"work engagement","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-factors","display_name":"demographic factors","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-agencies","display_name":"state government agencies","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age","display_name":"age","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-organizational-behavior","display_name":"positive organizational behavior","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-engagement","display_name":"employee engagement","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.7900000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204017024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485446","display_name":"Optimism","level":2,"score":0.934654176235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781160688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2234192","display_name":"Work engagement","level":3,"score":0.8842208385467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6853473782539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.6764729619026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99753626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14937678","display_name":"Employee engagement","level":2,"score":0.5602514743804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5468624830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205112559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257735","display_name":"Public engagement","level":2,"score":0.5327211618423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.5318270325660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.49460646510124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.27468663454055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2236991822719574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18762493133544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12615564465522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06280931830406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.localhost:article/29350","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","pdf_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401197","display_name":"Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Resources Development and Management; Vol 18 (2016); 32-42","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2322728744","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764551228","display_name":"Journal of Resources Development and Management","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Resources Development and Management","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.localhost:article/29350","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","pdf_url":"http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JRDM/article/view/29350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401197","display_name":"Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Resources Development and Management; Vol 18 (2016); 32-42","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2322728744.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2322728744.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104772847","https://openalex.org/W162258604","https://openalex.org/W611030088","https://openalex.org/W1530652670","https://openalex.org/W1577672278","https://openalex.org/W1581820293","https://openalex.org/W1902610065","https://openalex.org/W1972837961","https://openalex.org/W1979519340","https://openalex.org/W1988179397","https://openalex.org/W1989218063","https://openalex.org/W1991626747","https://openalex.org/W1996888297","https://openalex.org/W2005673510","https://openalex.org/W2007445014","https://openalex.org/W2017003654","https://openalex.org/W2041849835","https://openalex.org/W2052146986","https://openalex.org/W2056749799","https://openalex.org/W2058218847","https://openalex.org/W2078502847","https://openalex.org/W2095694443","https://openalex.org/W2112232916","https://openalex.org/W2123821623","https://openalex.org/W2127625785","https://openalex.org/W2132199097","https://openalex.org/W2136455011","https://openalex.org/W2141735701","https://openalex.org/W2147417563","https://openalex.org/W2149369879","https://openalex.org/W2150806568","https://openalex.org/W2153610778","https://openalex.org/W2162410835","https://openalex.org/W2163577748","https://openalex.org/W2164385948","https://openalex.org/W2169799391","https://openalex.org/W2169893296","https://openalex.org/W2170043702","https://openalex.org/W2182077091","https://openalex.org/W2185352837","https://openalex.org/W2234916830","https://openalex.org/W2341677398","https://openalex.org/W2514517101","https://openalex.org/W2595151239","https://openalex.org/W2737976582","https://openalex.org/W2990757061","https://openalex.org/W2993898242","https://openalex.org/W4252855288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043989030","https://openalex.org/W7071361299","https://openalex.org/W2144204772","https://openalex.org/W4230118602","https://openalex.org/W4200432239","https://openalex.org/W7216198376","https://openalex.org/W7203617187","https://openalex.org/W2185024928","https://openalex.org/W2994527032","https://openalex.org/W1907431811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Organizations":[0],"desire":[1],"highly":[2],"engaged":[3],"employees":[4,31],"for":[5],"higher":[6],"productivity.":[7],"Both":[8],"personal":[9],"and":[10,43,59,68,91,100,108,112],"organizational":[11,153],"factors":[12,45],"drive":[13],"work":[14,50,104,115,125,137],"engagement.":[15],"Work":[16,77,150],"engagement":[17,78,89,105,116,126,138],"in":[18,32,36],"the":[19,38,47,69,72],"public":[20],"sector":[21],"is":[22],"low":[23],"globally.":[24],"In":[25],"a":[26],"survey":[27],"of":[28,49,71,114,136],"389":[29],"managerial":[30],"32":[33],"state":[34],"agencies":[35],"Kenya,":[37],"study":[39,119],"explored":[40],"whether":[41],"optimism":[42,95,123],"demographic":[44,129],"influence":[46,124],"level":[48],"engagement.325":[51],"returned":[52],"questionnaires":[53],"were":[54,75],"analyzed":[55],"to":[56],"derive":[57],"descriptive":[58],"inferential":[60],"statistics":[61],"using":[62],"SPSS":[63],"version":[64],"21.":[65],"The":[66,118],"reliability":[67],"validity":[70],"questionnaire":[73],"items":[74],"checked.":[76],"levels":[79,135],"was":[80,85],"high":[81,134],"(mean":[82,87],"4.14),":[83],"Optimism":[84],"moderate":[86],"3.44).Work":[88],"positively":[90,99],"significantly":[92,101],"correlated":[93,102],"with":[94,103],"(r=0.257,":[96],"p<":[97],"0.01).Age":[98],"(r=0.153,":[106],"p<0.01).Optimism":[107],"demographics":[109],"predicted":[110],"6.6%":[111],"3.5%":[113],"respectively.":[117],"demonstrated":[120],"evidence":[121],"that":[122],"more":[127],"than":[128],"factors.":[130],"Employees":[131],"can":[132],"exhibit":[133],"when":[139],"they":[140],"are":[141],"psychologically":[142],"positive":[143],"about":[144],"their":[145],"future.":[146],"Keywords":[147],":":[148],"Optimism,":[149],"engagement,":[151],"Positive":[152],"behaviour,":[154],"Public":[155],"sector.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
