{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2322476643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","title":"Tokens in the Pocosin: Lumbee English in North Carolina","display_name":"Tokens in the Pocosin: Lumbee English in North Carolina","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2322476643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","mag":"2322476643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/454444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203328646","display_name":"American Speech","issn_l":"0003-1283","issn":["0003-1283","1527-2133"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Speech","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016324662","display_name":"Jeutonne P. Brewer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeutonne P. Brewer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050531416","display_name":"Robert W. Reising","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. W. Reising","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43545151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"2","first_page":"108","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12658","display_name":"Language and Culture","score":0.4242999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12658","display_name":"Language and Culture","score":0.4242999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.37450000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.07460000365972519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbee-indians","display_name":"Lumbee Indians","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pocosins","display_name":"pocosins","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokens","display_name":"tokens","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robeson-county-north-carolina","display_name":"Robeson County, North Carolina","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-and-identity","display_name":"language and identity","score":0.3569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4510733485221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.42734888195991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3792409896850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07678249478340149}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/454444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/454444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203328646","display_name":"American Speech","issn_l":"0003-1283","issn":["0003-1283","1527-2133"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Speech","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493067049","https://openalex.org/W1565705456","https://openalex.org/W1593803857","https://openalex.org/W1974883794","https://openalex.org/W2060225240","https://openalex.org/W2091392759","https://openalex.org/W2097964843","https://openalex.org/W2117356480","https://openalex.org/W2226257090","https://openalex.org/W2293635479","https://openalex.org/W2313363401","https://openalex.org/W2315725871","https://openalex.org/W2320565497","https://openalex.org/W2326495352","https://openalex.org/W2335185525","https://openalex.org/W2795511360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162678296","https://openalex.org/W2076407409","https://openalex.org/W2398127970","https://openalex.org/W7162686916","https://openalex.org/W7098116729","https://openalex.org/W4249202648","https://openalex.org/W2944981066","https://openalex.org/W2903877008","https://openalex.org/W2973777439","https://openalex.org/W4233719009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"O":[0],"NE":[1],"OF":[2],"THE":[3],"LARGEST":[4],"groups":[5],"of":[6,10,39,70,86,132,182,206,223,244,264,272],"American":[7],"Indians":[8,178],"east":[9],"the":[11,14,37,40,67,71,73,76,87,98,105,125,130,146,151,180,191,236,270,273,279],"Mississippi":[12],"is":[13,42,50,91,227,266],"Lumbee":[15,282],"Indians.":[16],"Although":[17],"some":[18],"Lumbees":[19,41,147,166,192,248],"live":[20],"in":[21,24,45,97,104,118,164],"urban":[22],"enclaves":[23],"High":[25],"Point":[26],"and":[27,35,100,111,148,173,199,208,215,232],"Greensboro,":[28],"North":[29,47],"Carolina,":[30],"Richmond,":[31],"Virginia,":[32],"Baltimore,":[33],"Philadelphia,":[34],"Detroit,":[36],"homeland":[38],"Robeson":[43],"County":[44],"southeastern":[46,88],"Carolina.":[48],"This":[49],"POCOSIN":[51],"country,":[52],"an":[53,161,261],"area":[54],"often":[55],"described":[56],"as":[57,129,136,138,177,195,240,251],"marginal":[58],"land,":[59],"because":[60],"it":[61,128,238],"does":[62],"not":[63],"easily":[64],"fit":[65],"into":[66],"geographical":[68],"characteristics":[69],"coast,":[72],"plains,":[74],"or":[75,84,225],"mountains.":[77],"Pocosin,":[78,152],"'an":[79],"upland":[80],"swamp,":[81],"marsh,":[82],"bog,":[83],"dismal":[85],"coastal":[89],"plain',":[90],"low":[92],"wooded":[93],"ground,":[94],"usually":[95],"dry":[96],"summer":[99],"covered":[101],"with":[102],"water":[103],"rainy":[106],"season":[107],"(Bartlett":[108],"1859;":[109],"Craigie":[110],"Hulbert":[112],"1938;":[113],"Wentworth":[114],"1944).":[115],"English":[116],"settlers":[117],"Virginia":[119],"borrowed":[120],"this":[121],"Algonquin":[122],"word":[123,229,280],"from":[124],"Indians,":[126],"using":[127],"name":[131],"a":[133,169,196,228,241,252,259],"river":[134],"there":[135],"early":[137],"1635":[139],"(OED;":[140],"Stewart":[141],"1958).":[142],"More":[143],"importantly":[144],"for":[145,258],"their":[149,212,245],"ancestors,":[150],"considered":[153],"undesirable":[154],"land":[155],"by":[156,235],"white":[157],"European":[158],"settlers,":[159],"provided":[160],"isolated":[162],"haven":[163],"which":[165,265],"could":[167],"retain":[168],"distinctive":[170],"ethnic":[171,213],"identity":[172,214],"consistently":[174],"define":[175,278],"themselves":[176],"(in":[179],"sense":[181],"Williams":[183],"1979,":[184],"p.":[185],"20).":[186],"Like":[187],"other":[188],"cohesive":[189],"communities,":[190],"use":[193],"language":[194],"significant":[197],"linguistic":[198,242],"cultural":[200],"marker.":[201],"Certain":[202],"words,":[203,207],"certain":[204,209],"meanings":[205],"pronunciations":[210],"signal":[211],"identify":[216],"outsiders.":[217],"For":[218],"example,":[219],"token,":[220],"'supernatural":[221],"sign":[222],"death":[224],"evil',":[226],"frequently":[230],"used":[231],"highly":[233],"valued":[234],"Lumbees;":[237],"functions":[239],"symbol":[243],"identity.":[246],"The":[247],"employ":[249],"token":[250],"TEST":[253],"ITEM,":[254],"calling":[255],"upon":[256],"non-Lumbees":[257,276],"definition,":[260],"invariable":[262],"result":[263],"laughter,":[267],"much":[268],"to":[269,281],"puzzlement":[271],"non-Lumbee.":[274],"Few":[275],"can":[277],"satis-":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
