{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2322158389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","title":"The Measurement of Output and Economies of Scale in Property-Liability Insurance","display_name":"The Measurement of Output and Economies of Scale in Property-Liability Insurance","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2322158389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","mag":"2322158389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/252719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116483603","display_name":"Journal of Risk & Insurance","issn_l":"0022-4367","issn":["0022-4367","1539-6975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Risk and Insurance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022837669","display_name":"Neil A. Doherty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neil A. Doherty","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022837669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98757835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"3","first_page":"390","last_page":"390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-liability-insurance","display_name":"property-liability insurance","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-measurement","display_name":"output measurement","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premium-income","display_name":"premium income","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-function","display_name":"cost function","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pricing-policy","display_name":"pricing policy","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/errors-in-variables-model","display_name":"measurement error models","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-insurance-industry","display_name":"Canadian insurance industry","score":0.8370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5756353139877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.539182722568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5891342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2868302","display_name":"Property insurance","level":4,"score":0.5139617323875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5025627613067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.4677811861038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45312029123306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44275957345962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115672447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992350","display_name":"Liability insurance","level":3,"score":0.4288252294063568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3369501829147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68799949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977871","display_name":"Insurance policy","level":2,"score":0.21495890617370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20758125185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22738907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813256","display_name":"Casualty insurance","level":3,"score":0.1999891698360443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.19223827123641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06557056307792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/252719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/252719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116483603","display_name":"Journal of Risk & Insurance","issn_l":"0022-4367","issn":["0022-4367","1539-6975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Risk and Insurance","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595605331","https://openalex.org/W1771297986","https://openalex.org/W1968898462","https://openalex.org/W1978651284","https://openalex.org/W1990831254","https://openalex.org/W2012231981","https://openalex.org/W2018530517","https://openalex.org/W2025848052","https://openalex.org/W2113472471","https://openalex.org/W2158982550","https://openalex.org/W2315195571","https://openalex.org/W2316210288","https://openalex.org/W2331653661","https://openalex.org/W3016190320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327470376","https://openalex.org/W2559945765","https://openalex.org/W1564624435","https://openalex.org/W2316210288","https://openalex.org/W2332859867","https://openalex.org/W3152532189","https://openalex.org/W4246725394","https://openalex.org/W3123078594","https://openalex.org/W1986328426","https://openalex.org/W1979450668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"conflicting":[1],"results":[2],"from":[3,13,27],"previous":[4],"studies":[5],"of":[6,8,16,30,44,56],"economies":[7,93],"scale":[9,92],"might":[10],"arise":[11],"partly":[12],"the":[14,28,45,86,95],"choice":[15],"output":[17,39,70],"measure.":[18],"This":[19,38],"paper":[20],"discusses":[21],"conceptual":[22],"and":[23,49,60,75],"econometric":[24,80],"problems":[25,55],"arising":[26],"use":[29,51],"premium":[31],"income":[32],"as":[33],"a":[34,68],"proxy":[35],"for":[36],"output.":[37],"measure":[40,71,88],"is":[41,65,72],"not":[42],"independent":[43],"firm's":[46],"pricing":[47],"policy":[48],"its":[50],"implies":[52],"potentially":[53],"serious":[54],"simultaneous":[57],"equation":[58],"bias":[59],"errors":[61],"in":[62,94],"variables.":[63],"It":[64],"argued":[66],"that":[67],"delivery-based":[69,87],"theoretically":[73],"superior":[74],"will":[76],"encounter":[77],"less":[78],"severe":[79],"problems.":[81],"Cost":[82],"functions":[83],"estimated":[84],"with":[85],"do":[89],"reveal":[90],"significant":[91],"Canadian":[96],"property-liability":[97],"insurance":[98],"industry.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}