{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2321812965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","title":"The Spread of Firearms among the Indian Tribes on the Northern Frontier of New Spain","display_name":"The Spread of Firearms among the Indian Tribes on the Northern Frontier of New Spain","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2321812965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","mag":"2321812965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1183724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S188904407","display_name":"The American Indian Quarterly","issn_l":"0095-182X","issn":["0095-182X","1534-1828"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320162","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320162"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Nebraska Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Indian Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088334244","display_name":"Thomas F. Schilz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Frank Schilz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113439317","display_name":"Donald E. Worcester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald E. Worcester","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37011361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12283","display_name":"Latin American history and culture","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12283","display_name":"Latin American history and culture","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.04969999939203262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13460","display_name":"Historical Studies in Latin America","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firearms","display_name":"firearms","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-frontier","display_name":"Spanish frontier","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-spain","display_name":"New Spain","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intertribal-warfare","display_name":"intertribal warfare","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-weapons","display_name":"Native American weapons","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compound-bow","display_name":"compound bow","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apache","display_name":"Apache","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunting-weapons","display_name":"hunting weapons","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piney-woods","display_name":"Piney Woods","score":0.6439999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.9373027086257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5682562589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.36969614028930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.35088610649108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.34903421998023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.2419256865978241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14505219459533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13369110226631165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1183724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1183724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S188904407","display_name":"The American Indian Quarterly","issn_l":"0095-182X","issn":["0095-182X","1534-1828"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320162","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320162"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Nebraska Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Indian Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287498191","https://openalex.org/W2319825873","https://openalex.org/W2327621804","https://openalex.org/W2329949040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2328343837","https://openalex.org/W7204245670","https://openalex.org/W2259318069","https://openalex.org/W2585279149","https://openalex.org/W2773291760","https://openalex.org/W4243105023","https://openalex.org/W1820370952","https://openalex.org/W4406251569","https://openalex.org/W4405310053","https://openalex.org/W2979945223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"T":[0],"HE":[1],"INTRODUCTION":[2],"OF":[3],"FIREARMS":[4],"AMONG":[5],"THE":[6],"TRIBES":[7],"of":[8,16,21,35,40,52,67,81,160,181,194,204,212,245,258,265,277,312,328,332],"the":[9,14,33,38,64,68,71,79,82,85,112,142,150,164,169,178,191,197,202,217,226,236,248,251,256,263,266,278,297,302,305,323,329,338,350],"Spanish":[10,69,72,151,267],"frontier":[11,152,228],"drastically":[12],"altered":[13],"balance":[15],"power":[17],"there":[18],"in":[19,28,120,133,141,188,196,206,296,304,326],"favor":[20],"Spain's":[22],"Indian":[23,95,147],"enemies.":[24],"Indians":[25,264,303],"had":[26,76,107,123,309],"engaged":[27],"intertribal":[29],"wars":[30],"long":[31],"before":[32],"coming":[34],"Europeans,":[36],"but":[37],"acquisition":[39],"guns":[41,59,125,230],"intensified":[42],"these":[43],"traditional":[44],"rivalries":[45],"as":[46,128,130,199,201,235,284,286],"various":[47],"tribes":[48,66,140],"incorporated":[49],"this":[50],"product":[51],"European":[53,137],"technology":[54],"into":[55],"their":[56,134,155,208,287],"conflicts.":[57],"As":[58],"became":[60],"more":[61],"common":[62],"among":[63,168],"nomadic":[65],"frontier,":[70],"technological":[73],"superiority":[74],"that":[75,117,243,301,343],"made":[77],"possible":[78],"conquest":[80],"Antillies":[83],"and":[84,101,126,166,171,175,210,233,274,334],"Aztecs":[86],"disappeared.":[87],"Thereafter,":[88],"Spain":[89],"was":[90,186,335],"forced":[91],"to":[92,190,216,281],"fight":[93],"her":[94],"enemies":[96],"on":[97,149,225],"an":[98],"equal":[99],"basis":[100],"with":[102,136],"limited":[103],"success.":[104],"Hostile":[105],"tribesmen":[106,119],"first":[108],"used":[109,124,220,239],"firearms":[110,195,271],"during":[111],"Chichimec":[113],"War":[114],"(1550-1600).":[115],"During":[116],"conflict,":[118],"northern":[121],"Mexico":[122,295],"swords":[127],"well":[129,200,285],"native":[131,156,259],"weapons":[132,238,283],"struggle":[135],"invaders.1":[138],"Unlike":[139],"eastern":[143],"United":[144,307],"States,":[145],"most":[146],"nations":[148],"never":[153,177],"abandoned":[154],"weapons.":[157,260,314],"Guns":[158],"remained":[159],"secondary":[161],"importance":[162],"after":[163],"bow":[165,219],"arrow":[167],"Chichimecs":[170],"Apaches,":[172],"for":[173,272,317],"example,":[174,318],"were":[176,214],"primary":[179,237],"weapon":[180],"any":[182],"southwestern":[183,306],"tribe.2":[184],"This":[185],"due":[187],"part":[189],"relative":[192],"scarcity":[193],"southwest,":[198],"shortcomings":[203],"harquebuses":[205],"general:":[207],"range":[209],"rate":[211],"fire":[213],"inferior":[215],"compound":[218],"by":[221,240,337,349],"Native":[222],"Americans.":[223],"Only":[224],"Louisiana":[227],"did":[229],"replace":[231],"bows":[232],"arrows":[234],"Indians.":[241],"In":[242,315],"area":[244],"Texas,":[246],"called":[247],"Piney":[249],"Woods,":[250],"thick":[252],"forest":[253],"terrain":[254],"diminished":[255],"effectiveness":[257],"Nevertheless,":[261],"all":[262],"borderlands":[268],"eagerly":[269],"sought":[270],"hunting":[273],"warfare":[275],"because":[276],"medicine":[279],"attributed":[280],"such":[282],"striking":[288],"power.":[289],"The":[290],"Spaniards":[291],"who":[292],"entered":[293],"New":[294],"sixteenth":[298],"century":[299],"discovered":[300],"States":[308],"little":[310],"fear":[311],"European-made":[313],"1601,":[316],"Juan":[319],"de":[320],"Ofiate":[321],"invaded":[322],"southern":[324],"plains":[325],"search":[327],"Seven":[330],"Cities":[331],"Gold":[333],"attacked":[336],"Escanxaques,":[339],"a":[340],"Tonkawa":[341],"band":[342],"occupied":[344],"western":[345],"Oklahoma.3":[346],"Apparently":[347],"unimpressed":[348],"noise":[351]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}